1、Designation: D4618 92 (Reapproved 2010)Standard Specification forDesign and Fabrication of Flue Gas Desulfurization SystemComponents for Protective Lining Application1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4618; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforig
2、inal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers the design and fabrication ofmetal co
3、mponents for Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) equip-ment, including absorbers, tanks, chimney liners, ductwork andassociated equipment that are to be lined for corrosion orabrasion resistance, or both.1.2 Limitations:1.2.1 This specification is intended only to define the designconsiderations for succ
4、essful application and performance ofprotective linings for FGD system components.1.2.2 It does not cover structural performance of FGDcomponents.1.2.3 It does not cover use of metallic linings.1.3 This specification represents the minimum requirementsfor lining work. In cases where the manufacturer
5、s instructionsand recommendations differ from this specification, thesedifferences must be resolved before fabrication is started.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for inf
6、ormation onlyand are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regula
7、tory limitations prior to use.2. Design/Engineering Requirements2.1 Rigidity:2.1.1 The components shall be designed so that the interiormetal surfaces are sufficiently rigid for the intended liningmaterials. Manufacturers recommendations for maximumstrains or deflection limits for the lining materia
8、l shall befollowed.2.1.2 The weight of the lining system shall be considered inthe structural design of the component.2.1.3 The design shall consider the effects of pressure, wind,seismic and other design loads.2.1.4 Vibration may cause flexing or high surface strains onthe lining. This is of partic
9、ular concern to rigid lining materialsand shall be minimized.2.1.5 Special consideration shall be given to all conditionsof potentially excessive strain such as unsupported bottomareas, oil-canning, out of roundness, sidewall-to-bottom joints,etc.2.1.5.1 Where a component is on a concrete foundation
10、,grouting shall be done if necessary to correct unsupportedbottom areas.2.1.5.2 Sand fill shall not be used for bottom support unlessprovisions are made to ensure that the sand cannot be lost dueto erosion.2.2 Accessibility:2.2.1 All interior surfaces of the components shall bedesigned to be readily
11、 accessible for welding, grinding, surfacepreparation, and lining application.2.2.2 The minimum manway size for a working entranceduring lining application shall be 36 in. (900 mm) in diameteror 24 in. (600 mm) width by 36 in. (900 mm) height.2.2.2.1 Closed components shall have a minimum of twomanw
12、ays, one near the top and one near the bottom, preferablylocated 180 apart to facilitate adequate ventilation for work-ers.2.2.2.2 Additional or larger openings may be required tofacilitate ventilation and material handling. The lining materialapplicator should be consulted for specific requirements
13、.2.3 Shell Penetrations:2.3.1 Openings such as, inlets, manholes, and outlet nozzlesshall be flush with the interior wall.2.3.1.1 Inlet nozzles may extend into vessels if incomingfluids will be detrimental to lining materials.2.3.2 Any exterior or interior connection shall be flanged inorder to faci
14、litate lining.2.3.3 The maximum length of flanged nozzles, 4 in. (100mm) and greater in diameter, shall not exceed the dimensionsin Table 1.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D33 onProtective Coating and Lining Work for Power Generation Facilities and is the directrespon
15、sibility of Subcommittee D33.09 on Protective Lining for FGD Systems.Current edition approved July 1, 2010. Published July 2010. Originally approvedin 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D4618 92 (2003). DOI:10.1520/D4618-92R10.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box
16、 C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.2.3.3.1 Only 4 in. (100 mm) diameter and larger nozzlesshall be used for maximum reliability of the lining system.2.3.3.2 As an alternative to lined nozzles, compatible pre-fabricated, reinforced plastic, ceramic or alloy metal inserts(sleeves)
17、may be used if they offer superior corrosion andabrasion protection. Lining shall overlap onto prefabricatedliners.2.3.3.3 If an insert is used as an alternate, the lining shalloverlap unto the insert or some other means of ensuring anadequate seal should be provided.2.3.4 Lining thickness may dicta
18、te changes in nozzle di-mensions to achieve design flow rates.2.4 Appurtenances Inside Components:2.4.1 The requirements in Sections 2 and 3 apply to anyappurtenances that are being lined and installed inside a linedcomponent, such as agitators, anti-swirl baffles, gaging de-vices, internal piping,
19、ladders, and support brackets.2.4.2 If appurtenances inside the component cannot belined, they shall be made of corrosion-resistant materials. Ifalloys are used, the lining shall carry over the welded area ontothe alloy a minimum of 3 in. (76 mm). Some linings mayrequire special designs to protect t
20、he edge of the lining. Ifbolted connections are used, dielectric insulation shall beprovided.2.4.3 Heating elements shall be attached with a minimumclearance of 6 in. (150 mm) from the surface of the linedcomponent. Greater clearance may be required to protect thelining from excessive temperature co
21、nditions depending on thetemperature of the element.2.4.4 Special precautions shall be taken in lined componentswhere severe abrasion/impingement damage may occur. Pre-cautionary design measures, such as wear plates, brick liners oradded coating thickness, shall be considered when necessary.2.5 Stru
22、ctural Reinforcement Members and Supports:2.5.1 Structural reinforcement members (stiffeners) shouldbe installed on the vessel exterior, wherever necessary. How-ever, if such members are installed internally they shall befabricated of simple closed shapes such as round bars, pipe, orbox beams for ea
23、se of applying the lining material.2.5.2 The use of box beams or pipe for internal supports isrecommended. The use of angles, channels, I-beams and othercomplex shapes shall be avoided wherever possible. If theymust be installed internally, these members shall be fully sealwelded and the edges groun
24、d to a18 in. (3 mm) minimumradius.2.5.3 If closed chambers are formed with internal boxbeams or pipes, they shall be vented to the vessel exterior at thelowest point, so that pressures are not developed duringoperation and possible curing procedures and so that corrosion,due to localized lining fail
25、ures, can be observed early.3. Fabrication3.1 Welds:3.1.1 All internal welds to be lined shall be continuouswithout imperfections such as weld slag, weld spatter, roughsurfaces, undercutting, high peaks, porosity, sharp corners,sharp edges and inadequate thickness shall be corrected (seeFig. 1).3.1.
26、2 The degree of weld preparation prior to lining dependson the type of lining to be applied. The lining manufacturermust be consulted for specific requirements for weld prepara-tion during the design of the component and prior to start offabrication.3.1.3 Use of weld display samples before and after
27、 grindingmay be of help to the component fabricator in supplyingacceptable welds with a minimum required rework. All weldsshall be inspected, corrected, and reinspected prior to blastcleaning. Whenever possible, shop welds shall be inspectedand imperfections corrected in the fabricators shop.3.1.3.1
28、 All weld areas shall be inspected before and afterblast cleaning. Pinholes, pits, blind holes, porosity, undercut-ting or similar depressions are not permissible in the finishedTABLE 1 Maximum Length of NozzlesNominal Nozzle Size,in. (mm)Maximum Nozzle LengthShell to Face of Flange,in. (mm)4 (100)
29、8 (200)6 (150) 12 (300)824 (200600) 16 (400)2636 (600900) 24 (600)Over 36 (900) any lengthFIG. 1 Weld Fabrication for Lining ApplicationD4618 92 (2010)2surface. These shall be repaired. The profile shall be reestab-lished as required by the lining manufacturer.3.1.4 Weld spatter shall be removed. Ch
30、ipping may beutilized only if followed by grinding for the required surfacefinish.3.1.4.1 The use of non-silicone, anti-spatter coating appliedadjacent to weld areas is suggested. This coating shall be of atype that can be removed by the final blast cleaning.3.1.5 After inspection, all undercuts and
31、 pinholes shall beeliminated by welding or grinding. All rough welds shall beground to remove sharp edges. Chipping may be used toremove sharp edges if followed by grinding.3.1.6 All edges and similar abrupt contours shall be roundedoff by grinding or machining to a18-in. (3 mm) minimumradius.3.1.7
32、Flame cut edges shall be avoided.3.1.7.1 Where flame cut edges are necessary, they should beground to removed hardened material prior to blasting.3.1.8 Fillets and changes in contour shall be ground to a18-in. (3-mm) minimum radius where required for the selectedlining material. Any grinding done on
33、 welds, edges, and filletsshall be done carefully to eliminate potential problems causedby gouging of the parent metal.3.1.9 All internal and external welding shall be completedprior to any lining application.3.2 Joints:3.2.1 All welds shall be continuous. Intermittent or spotwelding is not permitte
34、d (see Fig. 2).3.2.2 Riveted joints shall not be used. Internal bolted jointsshall not be used except to avoid welding on an already linedsurface. In this case, corrosion resistant alloy or nonmetallicbolts and suitable gasket or sealant shall be used.3.2.3 If bolts are used to facilitate installati
35、on or welding, orboth, of a component, they shall be removed and holes plugwelded before lining application.3.2.4 Lap welded joints shall be avoided whenever possible.Where they are necessary, the interior lap shall be a full filletweld and finished as in accordance with 3.1.6.3.2.5 Expansion joints
36、 and bolted flanged duct or shelljoints require special lining consideration. Bolted flange jointsurfaces shall be lined before assembly. Special considerationshall be given during erection and fit-up so as not to damagethe lining.3.2.5.1 If alloy flanges are used at expansion joints, thedesign must
37、 allow for the lining system to be applied over thealloy by 3 in. (75 mm). Some linings may require specialdesigns to protect the leading edge.3.3 During and after the lining of the equipment, no weldingshall be allowed on the interior or exterior surfaces.3.4 Signs shall be hung or stenciled on the
38、 exterior surfaceof the equipment designating the following: LINED EQUIP-MENT, DO NOT BURN OR WELD. They shall be visiblefrom all elevations and sides of the equipment.4. Miscellaneous4.1 All lined surfaces should be clearly identified on alldetail and arrangement drawings.4.2 The following note sha
39、ll appear on appropriate detailand arrangement drawings: All surfaces to be lined shall meetthe requirements of Specification D4618.4.3 If hydrostatic testing is to be done prior to lining, it shallbe performed with clean potable water.5. Keywords5.1 absorbers; chemical-resistant; coating; component
40、s; de-sign; desulfurization; ductwork; fabrication; FGD system; fluegas; lining; tanks; weldsFIG. 2 Joint Fabrication for Lining ApplicationD4618 92 (2010)3FIG. 2 Joint Fabrication for Lining Application (continued)FIG. 2 Joint Fabrication for Lining Application (continued)D4618 92 (2010)4ASTM Inter
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42、their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand shou
43、ld be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Stan
44、dards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).D4618 92 (2010)5
