1、Designation: D4618 92 (Reapproved 2010)1Standard Specification forDesign and Fabrication of Flue Gas Desulfurization SystemComponents for Protective Lining Application1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4618; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year ofori
2、ginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEEditorial changes were made throughout in October 2010.1. Scope1.1 Th
3、is specification covers the design and fabrication ofmetal components for flue gas desulfurization (FGD) equip-ment, including absorbers, tanks, chimney liners, ductwork andassociated equipment that are to be lined for corrosion orabrasion resistance, or both.1.2 Limitations:1.2.1 This specification
4、 is intended only to define the designconsiderations for successful application and performance ofprotective linings for FGD system components.1.2.2 It does not cover structural performance of FGDcomponents.1.2.3 It does not cover use of metallic linings.1.3 This specification represents the minimum
5、 requirementsfor lining work. In cases in which the manufacturers instruc-tions and recommendations differ from this specification, thesedifferences shall be resolved before fabrication is started.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parenthese
6、s are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate saf
7、ety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Design/Engineering Requirements2.1 Rigidity:2.1.1 The components shall be designed so that the interiormetal surfaces are sufficiently rigid for the intended liningmaterials. Manufacturers recommendat
8、ions for maximumstrains or deflection limits for the lining material shall befollowed.2.1.2 The weight of the lining system shall be considered inthe structural design of the component.2.1.3 The design shall consider the effects of pressure, wind,seismic and other design loads.2.1.4 Vibration may ca
9、use flexing or high surface strains onthe lining. This is of particular concern to rigid lining materialsand shall be minimized.2.1.5 Special consideration shall be given to all conditionsof potentially excessive strain such as unsupported bottomareas, oil-canning, out of roundness, sidewall-to-bott
10、om joints,and so forth.2.1.5.1 Where a component is on a concrete foundation,grouting shall be done if necessary to correct unsupportedbottom areas.2.1.5.2 Sand fill shall not be used for bottom support unlessprovisions are made to ensure that the sand cannot be lost as aresult of erosion.2.2 Access
11、ibility:2.2.1 All interior surfaces of the components shall bedesigned to be readily accessible for welding, grinding, surfacepreparation, and lining application.2.2.2 The minimum manway size for a working entranceduring lining application shall be 36 in. (900 mm) in diameteror 24 in. (600 mm) width
12、 by 36 in. (900 mm) height.2.2.2.1 Closed components shall have a minimum of twomanways, one near the top and one near the bottom, preferablylocated 180 apart to facilitate adequate ventilation for work-ers.2.2.2.2 Additional or larger openings may be required tofacilitate ventilation and material h
13、andling. The lining materialapplicator should be consulted for specific requirements.2.3 Shell Penetrations:2.3.1 Openings such as, inlets, manholes, and outlet nozzlesshall be flush with the interior wall.2.3.1.1 Inlet nozzles may extend into vessels if incomingfluids will be detrimental to lining
14、materials.2.3.2 Any exterior or interior connection shall be flanged tofacilitate lining.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D33 onProtective Coating and Lining Work for Power Generation Facilities and is the directresponsibility of Subcommittee D33.09 on Protective Linin
15、g for FGD Systems.Current edition approved July 1, 2010. Published July 2010. Originally approvedin 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D4618 92 (2003). DOI:10.1520/D4618-92R10E01.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United
16、States.2.3.3 The maximum length of flanged nozzles, 4 in. (100mm) and greater in diameter, shall not exceed the dimensionsin Table 1.2.3.3.1 Only 4 in. (100 mm) diameter and larger nozzlesshall be used for maximum reliability of the lining system.2.3.3.2 As an alternative to lined nozzles, compatibl
17、e pre-fabricated, reinforced plastic, ceramic or alloy metal inserts(sleeves) may be used if they offer superior corrosion andabrasion protection. Lining shall overlap onto prefabricatedliners.2.3.3.3 If an insert is used as an alternate, the lining shalloverlap unto the insert or some other means o
18、f ensuring anadequate seal should be provided.2.3.4 Lining thickness may dictate changes in nozzle di-mensions to achieve design flow rates.2.4 Appurtenances inside Components:2.4.1 The requirements in Sections 2 and 3 apply to anyappurtenances that are being lined and installed inside a linedcompon
19、ent, such as agitators, anti-swirl baffles, gauging de-vices, internal piping, ladders, and support brackets.2.4.2 If appurtenances inside the component cannot belined, they shall be made of corrosion-resistant materials. Ifalloys are used, the lining shall carry over the welded area ontothe alloy a
20、 minimum of 3 in. (76 mm). Some linings mayrequire special designs to protect the edge of the lining. Ifbolted connections are used, dielectric insulation shall beprovided.2.4.3 Heating elements shall be attached with a minimumclearance of 6 in. (150 mm) from the surface of the linedcomponent. Great
21、er clearance may be required to protect thelining from excessive temperature conditions depending on thetemperature of the element.2.4.4 Special precautions shall be taken in lined componentswhere severe abrasion/impingement damage may occur. Pre-cautionary design measures, such as wear plates, bric
22、k liners oradded coating thickness, shall be considered when necessary.2.5 Structural Reinforcement Members and Supports:2.5.1 Structural reinforcement members (stiffeners) shouldbe installed on the vessel exterior wherever necessary. How-ever, if such members are installed internally they shall bef
23、abricated of simple closed shapes such as round bars, pipe, orbox beams for ease of applying the lining material.2.5.2 The use of box beams or pipe for internal supports isrecommended. The use of angles, channels, I-beams and othercomplex shapes shall be avoided wherever possible. If theymust be ins
24、talled internally, these members shall be fully sealwelded and the edges ground to a18 in. (3 mm) minimumradius.2.5.3 If closed chambers are formed with internal boxbeams or pipes, they shall be vented to the vessel exterior at thelowest point, so that pressures are not developed duringoperation and
25、 possible curing procedures and so that corrosion,caused by localized lining failures, can be observed early.3. Fabrication3.1 Welds:3.1.1 All internal welds to be lined shall be continuouswithout imperfections such as weld slag, weld spatter, roughsurfaces, undercutting, high peaks, porosity, sharp
26、 corners,sharp edges, and inadequate thickness. Imperfections shall becorrected (see Fig. 1).3.1.2 The degree of weld preparation before lining dependson the type of lining to be applied. The lining manufacturershall be consulted for specific requirements for weld prepara-tion during the design of t
27、he component and before start offabrication.3.1.3 Use of weld display samples before and after grindingmay be of help to the component fabricator in supplyingacceptable welds with a minimum required rework. All weldsshall be inspected, corrected, and reinspected before blastcleaning. Whenever possib
28、le, shop welds shall be inspectedand imperfections corrected in the fabricators shop.TABLE 1 Maximum Length of NozzlesNominal Nozzle Size,in. (mm)Maximum Nozzle LengthShell to Face of Flange,in. (mm)4 (100) 8 (200)6 (150) 12 (300)824 (200600) 16 (400)2636 (600900) 24 (600)Over 36 (900) any lengthFIG
29、. 1 Weld Fabrication for Lining ApplicationD4618 92 (2010)123.1.3.1 All weld areas shall be inspected before and afterblast cleaning. Pinholes, pits, blind holes, porosity, undercut-ting or similar depressions are not permissible in the finishedsurface. These shall be repaired. The profile shall be
30、reestab-lished as required by the lining manufacturer.3.1.4 Weld spatter shall be removed. Chipping may be usedonly if followed by grinding for the required surface finish.3.1.4.1 The use of non-silicone, antispatter coating appliedadjacent to weld areas is suggested. This coating shall be of atype
31、that can be removed by the final blast cleaning.3.1.5 After inspection, all undercuts and pinholes shall beeliminated by welding or grinding. All rough welds shall beground to remove sharp edges. Chipping may be used toremove sharp edges if followed by grinding.3.1.6 All edges and similar abrupt con
32、tours shall be roundedoff by grinding or machining to a18 in. (3 mm) minimumradius.3.1.7 Flame cut edges shall be avoided.3.1.7.1 Where flame cut edges are necessary, they should beground to remove hardened material before blasting.3.1.8 Fillets and changes in contour shall be ground to a18in. (3 mm
33、) minimum radius where required for the selectedlining material. Any grinding done on welds, edges, and filletsshall be done carefully to eliminate potential problems causedby gouging of the parent metal.3.1.9 All internal and external welding shall be completedbefore any lining application.3.2 Join
34、ts:3.2.1 All welds shall be continuous. Intermittent or spotwelding is not permitted (see Fig. 2).3.2.2 Riveted joints shall not be used. Internal bolted jointsshall not be used except to avoid welding on an already linedsurface. In this case, corrosion resistant alloy or nonmetallicbolts and a suit
35、able gasket or sealant shall be used.3.2.3 If bolts are used to facilitate installation or welding orboth of a component, they shall be removed and holes plugwelded before the lining application.3.2.4 Lap welded joints shall be avoided whenever possible.Where they are necessary, the interior lap sha
36、ll be a full filletweld and finished as in accordance with 3.1.6.3.2.5 Expansion joints and bolted flanged duct or shelljoints require special lining consideration. Bolted flange jointsurfaces shall be lined before assembly. Special considerationshall be given during erection and fit-up so as not to
37、 damagethe lining.3.2.5.1 If alloy flanges are used at expansion joints, thedesign shall allow for the lining system to be applied over thealloy by 3 in. (75 mm). Some linings may require specialdesigns to protect the leading edge.3.3 During and after the lining of the equipment, no weldingshall be
38、allowed on the interior or exterior surfaces.3.4 Signs shall be hung or stenciled on the exterior surfaceof the equipment designating the following: LINED EQUIP-MENT, DO NOT BURN OR WELD. They shall be visiblefrom all elevations and sides of the equipment.4. Miscellaneous4.1 All lined surfaces shoul
39、d be clearly identified on alldetail and arrangement drawings.4.2 The following note shall appear on appropriate detailand arrangement drawings: All surfaces to be lined shall meetthe requirements of Specification D4618.4.3 If hydrostatic testing is to be done before lining, it shallbe performed wit
40、h clean potable water.5. Keywords5.1 absorbers; chemical resistant; coating; components; de-sign; desulfurization; ductwork; fabrication; FGD system; fluegas; lining; tanks; weldsFIG. 2 Joint Fabrication for Lining ApplicationD4618 92 (2010)13FIG. 2 Joint Fabrication for Lining Application (continue
41、d)FIG. 2 Joint Fabrication for Lining Application (continued)D4618 92 (2010)14ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the valid
42、ity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comme
43、nts are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have n
44、ot received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple co
45、pies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).D4618 92 (2010)15
