1、Designation: D 4644 04Standard Test Method forSlake Durability of Shales and Similar Weak Rocks1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4644; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determination of the slakedurability index of a shale or other similar rock after twodrying and wetting
3、 cycles with abrasion.1.2 All observed and calculated values shall conform to theguidelines for significant digits and rounding established inPractice D 6026.1.2.1 The method used to specify how data are collected,calculated, or recorded in this standard is not directly related tothe accuracy to whi
4、ch the data can be applied in design or otheruses, or both. How one applies the results obtained using thisstandard is beyond its scope.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are provided forinformation only.1.4 This standard does not pur
5、port to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D
6、653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 2113 Practice for Diamond Core Drilling for Site Inves-tigationD 2216 Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Water(Moisture) Content of Rock and SoilD 3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in Testing and/or Inspec
7、tion of Soil and Rock asUsed in Engineering Design and ConstructionD 5079 Practices for Preserving and Transporting RockCore SamplesD 6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechni-cal DataE 11 Specification for Wire Cloth and Sieves for TestingPurposes3. Terminology3.1 For terminology used
8、 in this test method, refer toTerminology D 6533.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 slake durability indexthe percentage by dry massretained of a collection of shale pieces on a 2.00 mm (No. 10)sieve after two cycles of oven drying and 10 min of soaking inwater with a standard tu
9、mbling and abrasion action.4. Significance and Use4.1 The test method is used to estimate qualitatively thedurability of weak rocks in the service environment.(1-7)3.4.2 This test method is used to assign quantitative durabilityvalues to weak rocks. A primary example is the Franklin RatingSystem (1)
10、.NOTE 1The quality of the result produced by this standard isdependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and thesuitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet thecriteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competentand objective testing, samp
11、ling, inspection, and so forth. Users of thisstandard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D 3740 does not initself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors;Practice D 3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.5. Apparatus5.1 Slake Durability DeviceThe
12、drum (Fig. 1) shall bemade of 2.00 mm (No. 10) square-mesh, woven-wire cloth,conforming to the requirements of Specification E 11. It shallbe cylindrical in shape, with a diameter of 140 mm (5.5 in.) anda length of 100 mm (3.9 in.). The ends shall be rigid plates,with one removable end. It must be s
13、ufficiently strong to retainits shape during use, but neither the exterior of the mesh nor theinterior of the drum shall be obstructed by a support. The drumshall be able to withstand a temperature of 110 6 5C (230 69F). A trough shall support the drum in a horizontal mannersuch that the drum is fre
14、e to rotate about its axis. The troughshall be capable of being filled with slaking fluid to 20 mm (0.8in.) below the drum axis, and shall allow at least 40 mm (1.6in.) unobstructed clearance between the trough and the bottom1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil a
15、ndRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.12 on Rock Mechanics.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2004. Published February 2004. Originallyapproved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as D 4644 87 (1998).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org
16、, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.1*A Summary of Changes section ap
17、pears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.of the mesh. The drum shall be rotated by a motor capable ofmaintaining a speed of 20 rpm, constant to within 5 %, for aperiod of 10 min. Devices confor
18、ming to these requirementsare commercially available.5.2 Drying Oven, thermostatically controlled, capable ofmaintaining a temperature of 110 6 5C (230 6 9F).5.3 Balance, sensitive to 1 g and having a 2000-g capacity.5.4 Miscellaneous Apparatus, including a brush and ham-mer.5.5 Distilled Water.6. T
19、est Sample and Specimen6.1 Collect, transport, and store test samples and test speci-mens in such a manner as to retain the natural water contentusing the guidelines in Practices D 2113 and D 5079 and TestMethod D 2216.6.2 The test specimen shall consist of ten representative,intact, roughly equidim
20、ensional shale fragments weighing 40 gto 60 g each. These fragments may be naturally occurring ormay be produced by breaking with a hammer. Such fragmentsmay be obtained from rock cores or from test pits, and theirsizes will vary with the method of sampling. Break off anysharp corners, if possible,
21、and remove any dust by brushing thefragment just prior to weighing. The total test specimen shallweigh 450 to 550 g.7. Procedure7.1 Photograph specimen prior to placement in drum.7.2 Water ContentUsing Test Method D 2216, determinethe water content of each test specimen before testing. Thisshall be
22、done with the shale fragments in the drum to be usedfor the actual testing.7.3 Mount the drum in the trough and couple to the motor.Fill the trough with distilled water at room temperature to 20mm (0.8 in.) below the drum axis. Rotate the drum at 20 rpmfor a period of 10 min. Record the water temper
23、ature at thebeginning and end of the run.7.4 Remove the drum from the trough immediately after therotation period is complete and dry the drum and the specimenretained in the oven the same as in 7.2 and obtain theoven-dried mass.7.5 Repeat 7.3 and 7.4 to obtain a final oven-dried mass forthe second
24、cycle.7.6 Photograph specimen retained and file a copy of thephoto with the laboratory report, or record standard verbaldescriptions, as follows:7.6.1 Type IRetained specimen remain virtually un-changed.7.6.2 Type IIRetained specimen consist of large and smallfragments.7.6.3 Type IIIRetained specime
25、n is exclusively smallfragments.7.7 See Fig. 2 for representative photographs of the threetypes.8. Calculations8.1 Calculate the slake durability index (second cycle), asfollows:Id2! 5 WF2 C!/B 2 C!# 3 100 (1)where:Id(2) = slake durability index (second cycle),B = mass of drum plus oven-dried specim
26、en before thefirst cycle, g,WF= mass of drum plus oven-dried specimen retainedafter the second cycle, g, andC = mass of drum, g.9. Report9.1 The report shall include the following:9.1.1 Description of the specimen and where it was ob-tained.9.1.2 Slake durability index (second cycle) to the nearest0
27、.1 %.9.1.3 Range and average value of the water temperature.9.1.4 Natural water content.9.1.5 Description of the appearance of the fragments re-tained in the drum (see 7.6).10. Precision and Bias10.1 Test data on precision is not presented due to the natureof shale and other similar rock tested by t
28、his test method. It iseither not feasible or too costly at this time to produce multiplespecimens which have uniform physical properties. Any varia-tion observed on the data is just as likely to be due to specimenFIG. 1 Critical Dimensions of Slake Durability Device Showing Critical DimensionsD46440
29、42variation as to operator or laboratory testing variation: Sub-committee D18.12 welcomes proposals that would allow fordevelopment of a valid precision statement. There is noaccepted reference value of shale or weak rock for this testmethod; therefore, bias cannot be determined.11. Keywords11.1 abr
30、asion resistance; shale; slake durability; weak rocksREFERENCES(1) Franklin Trow Associates, “Field Evaluation of Shales for Construc-tion Projects,” Research and Development Project No. 1404, Ministryof Transportation and Communications, Research and DevelopmentBranch, Downsview, Ontario, March 197
31、9.(2) Chapman, D. R., “Shale Classification Tests and Systems: A Com-parative Study,” MSCE Thesis and Joint Highway Research ProjectNo. 75-11, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, June 1975, 90 pp.(3) Deo, P., “Shales as Embankment Materials,” Ph.D. Thesis and JointHighway Research Project No. 45,
32、 Purdue University, West Lafayette,IN, December 1972, 202 pp.(4) International Society for Rock Mechanics, “Suggested Methods forDetermining Slake-Durability Index Properties,” Commission on Stan-dardization of Laboratory and Field Tests, November 1972.(5) Lutton, R. J., “Design and Construction of
33、Compacted Shale Embank-ments, Volume 3, Slaking Indexes for Design,” Report No. FHWA-RD-77-1, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC, Febru-ary 1977.(6) Surendra, M., “Additives to Control Slaking in Compacted Shales,”Ph.D. Thesis and Joint Highway Research Project No. 80-6, PurdueUniversity
34、, West Lafayette, IN, May 1980, 277 pp.(7) Oakland, M. W., and Lovell, C. W., “Classification and Other StandardTests for Shale Embankment,” Joint Highway Research Project No.82-4, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, February 1982, 171 pp.FIG. 2 Illustration of Fragment Types RetainedD4644043SUMM
35、ARY OF CHANGESIn accordance with Committee D18 policy, this section identifies the location of changes to this standard sincethe last edition (D 4644 87 (1998) that may impact the use of this standard.(1) As required, a footnote about Summary of Changes wasadded to the title of Section 1.(2) Added s
36、tandard paragraphs for significant digits androunding established by Practice D 6026(3) Added Terminology D 653 , Practice D 2113, Test MethodD 2216, Practice D 3740, Practice D 5079, Practice D 6026.(4) Added 3.1 referencing Terminology D 653, and renumberedsection accordingly.(5) Added Note 1 refe
37、rencing Practice D 3740.(6) Moved 6.2 up to 6.1 and added reference to Practice D2113, Test Method D 2216, and Practice D 5079.(7) Section 7. Changed all reference to material to specimenand changed pieces to fragments.(8) Added 7.1 about photographing test specimen beforetesting and renumbered acco
38、rdingly.(9) Took out section in 7.1 on calculating initial water contentand referred user to Test Method D 2216 for determining watercontent.(10) Reworded 7.3 and 7.4 to remove instructions contained inTest Method D 2216.(11) Changed sample to specimen in 8.1.(12) The word “material” was changed to
39、“specimen” in 9.1.1.(13) Section 10 was re-worded to conform with the D18standards preparations manual.(14) Added Summary of Changes section.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this
40、 standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five year
41、s andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committ
42、ee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D4644044
