1、Designation: D 4675 06e1Standard Guide forSelection and Use of Flat Strapping Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4675; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number
2、 in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.e1NOTEThe term “polyolefin” was replaced with “polypropylene” throughou
3、t editorially in January 2007.INTRODUCTIONThis guide covers two common categories of strapping materials: flat carbon steel and nonmetallicstrapping. Within each of these two broad categories, there are distinct types that lend themselves toparticular applications to differing degrees.The goal of th
4、is guide is to help the user focus on the desired elements of performance or service,and the unique properties of each strapping material in order to judge which of these strappingmaterials is best suited for the application. Contact your supplier for further information.It is recognized that there
5、are other materials (not covered) that may also offer acceptable solutionsor may be used in conjunction with flat strapping. Also, examples of ancillary materials are shown inFig. 1.Strapping may be recyclable. Contact your supplier for further information.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers information o
6、n flat strapping materi-als (steel or nonmetallic) for the prospective user wantinginitial guidance in selecting a strapping material and appliedconfiguration for use in packaging (closing, reinforcing, baling,unitizing, or palletizing) and loading (load unitization andsecurement to transport vehicl
7、e) applications. The use appliesto handling, securement, storage, and distribution systems.1.2 Carrier associations have established certain packagingand loading requirements that in some cases specify a type ofstrap, the minimum size or strength, or both, and type of jointor seal, or both, that mus
8、t be used for certain types ofshipments or under certain conditions. Users should consultwith their carriers initially to determine if there are applicable,published requirements. Individual carriers may establish theirown requirements (see 2.2).1.3 Limitations This guide is not intended to give spe
9、cificinformation as to how strapping must be used in any particularpackaging or loading situation. Rather it is intended to beinformational in nature and is offered as a starting point fortesting. The need for thorough user testing is to be emphasizedas is a review of pertinent regulations that can
10、influence theselection of sizes, types, and possibly, application methods.1.4 The sections in this guide appear in the following order:SectionScope 1Referenced Documents 2Terminology 3Significance and Use 4Safety Hazards 5General Considerations:Properties of Strap Types 6General Uses 7Strap Tension
11、8Packaging Design:Distribution 9Package Configuration 10Strap Selection 11Joining Methods and PropertiesJoint Methods and Properties (except loop joint) 12Loop Joint and Seal Properties 13Coatings:Strap Coatings and Purposes 14Application:Equipment for Strap Application 15Strap Application 16Testing
12、 and Evaluation:Testing and Developing Final Package Design 17Evaluation of Strap Failure 18Keywords 19Supplementary Guideline S11This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D10 on Packaging andis the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.25 on Palletizing and Unitizing ofLoads.Current
13、 edition approved Oct. 1, 2006. Published October 2006. Originallyapproved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D 4675 03.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.FIG. 1 Applications for Steel and Nonmetallic Str
14、appingD467506e121.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this
15、 standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific safetyhazard statements are given in Section 5 and Note 13.1 and15.3.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 996 Terminology of Packaging and Distrib
16、ution Environ-mentsD 3950 Specification for Strapping, Nonmetallic (and Join-ing Methods)D 3953 Specification for Strapping, Flat Steel and SealsD 4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Con-tainers and Systems2.2 Other Standards:Uniform Freight Classification Code, Rule 41, Section 93Nati
17、onal Motor Freight Classification 100-L, Item 222,Section 74STA, International Safe Transit Association, Pre-ShipmentTest Procedures5Association of American Railroads Railing63. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor general definitions of packaging anddistribution environments, see Terminology D 996.3.2 Def
18、initions of Terms Specific to This Standard: Thefollowing refer to the characteristics and properties of strap-ping materials. These can be objectively measured to someextent and are used to rank the relative effectiveness ofdifferent strapping materials in different applications. Thedefinitions giv
19、en here are for the purposes of this guide onlyand do not necessarily reflect general usage or ASTM standarddefinitions. Some properties are common to both steel andnonmetallic strapping. Other properties are peculiar to nonme-tallic only, or to steel only.3.2.1 break strength, nthe longitudinal ten
20、sile force thatmust be applied to cause a strap to rupture. (See SpecificationsD 3950 and D 3953.)3.2.2 corner break strength, nthe reduced break strengthdue to the strap being bent around an edge. (See SpecificationD 3953.)3.2.3 dead stretch (creep), npermanent deformation, re-sulting from the appl
21、ication of tension over time.3.2.4 ductility in bending (resistance to “work hardening”),n ductility is the opposite of “brittleness”. This quality isrelated to corner break strength and closely allied with strengthand elongation in determining impact resistance. It is alsoimportant in tensioning ap
22、plications requiring the strap to bebent double, and in loop joint applications. (SpecificationD 3953 contains test procedures and specifications.)3.2.5 elongation at break, nthe increase in strappinglength due to tensile load at the time of break. (See Specifica-tions D 3950 and D 3953.)3.2.6 energ
23、y to break, nthe maximum force required tobreak a strap as measured by the area under the stress-straincurve.3.2.7 environmental resistant properties (see Table 1):3.2.8 atmospheric contamination, nthe presence ofchemicals in the atmosphere which degrades strap properties.(See Section 14.)3.2.9 mech
24、anism, nincludes application, tool, tooling,tensioner, sealer, and power strap equipment.3.2.10 moisture sensitivity, nthe degradation of propertiescaused by presence of moisture or moisture vapor.3.2.11 temperature sensitivity, nthe deterioration of prop-erties caused by high or low temperatures.2F
25、or referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3National Railroad Freight Classification, available from Unifo
26、rm ClassificationCommittee, 222 South Riverside Plaze, Chicago, IL 60606.4National Motor Freight Classification, 2200 Mill Rd., Alexandria, VA 22314.5International Safe Transit Association, 1400 Abbott Road, Suite 310, EastLansing, MI 488231900.6Association of American RailroadsRailing, Association
27、of AmericanRailroadsRailing Highwoods Center, 7001 Weston Parkway, Suite 200, Cary, NC27513.TABLE 1 Strapping Preference as a Function of Handling Severity of ElementsTypeSpecification D 3953 Specification D 3950Regular-DutySteelRegular-DutyHighStrengthSteelHeavy-DutySteelBondedRayonCordBondedorWove
28、nPolyesterCordPolypropylenePlasticNylonPlasticPolyesterPlasticUltravioletAx x x . x . . .Moisture x x x . x x . xElevatedtemperaturesx x x x x . x xLow temperatures x x x x x . x xExposure to corrosives . . . x x x x xConcern for damageto unit surface. . . x x x x xAUV inhibitors are available for p
29、olypropylene, nylon, and polyester plastics.D467506e133.2.12 ultraviolet light sensitivity, nthe degradation ofstrapping caused by ultraviolet rays from sunlight or electriclamps.3.2.13 joint effciencies, njoint strength divided by theminimum acceptable breaking strength of the strap, expressedas a
30、percentage. (See Specifications D 3950 and D 3953 forminimum acceptable percentage values.)3.2.14 joint strength, nthe highest longitudinal tensileforce that must be applied to cause a strap joint to fail.3.2.15 notch sensitivity, na measure of the ability of astrapping material to resist “nick or c
31、ut” propagation.3.2.16 settling tolerance, nthe ability of a strap to remaintaut when used to confine a settling unit load.3.2.17 shear plane, na shear plane is the surface areabetween two contiguous items that will allow the items to sliderelative to each other when a force is applied.3.2.18 tensio
32、n transmission, nthe ability of strapping totransmit tension around an edge.3.2.19 yield point, nwhen a strap is subjected to loadbeyond its elastic limit, the point at which a strap reachespermanent deformation or continues to deform without anincrease in load.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide
33、assists the user in selecting a strappingmaterial and configuration for initial handling, transit, andstorage tests. It describes general unit (load) types, strappingproperties, unit-strapping interaction, weight considerations,unit shear planes, component frictional characteristics, and unitgeometr
34、y.5. Safety Hazards5.1 Cutting StrapAll working strapping is under tensionwhen in use. Sudden release of this tension will produce ahazard when the loose ends snap free after being intentionallyor accidentally cut, frayed, or otherwise released. Contentsunder restraint or the strap itself, or both,
35、may spring towardoperator when strap tension is suddenly released. Cuttingtensioned strap is hazardous. Use caution and follow approvedsafety procedures.5.1.1 When cutting a tensioned strap, always stand to oneside of the strap being cut, pressing the strap against thepackage above the cutter.5.2 Ex
36、cessive tensioning may cause strap breakage. Alwaysposition yourself to one side of strap being tensioned. Neverstand directly over or in front of a strap being tensioned.5.3 Never operate the tool in such a manner that a handcould slip resulting in a loss of balance.5.4 ReuseSince mechanical proper
37、ties of strapping maybe altered by tensioning or during physical distribution cycles,the reuse of strapping is discouraged.5.5 Altering or Improper Use of TensionersDo not extendlength of handle on manual tensioner, nor exceed the manu-facturers recommended maximum air pressure on pneumatictensioner
38、s to gain increased strap tension. To do so could resultin sudden strap failure or breakage of tensioner with potentialsevere injury to the operator.5.6 Improper UseStrapping should be used only as in-tended.5.6.1 Punching or NailingNever punch strapping withnails, staples, or other sharp objects. T
39、his may cause prematurestrap failure. Also, attempting to nail through steel strappingmay present a hazard especially when power nailing orstapling. Type 2 steel strapping has pre-punched holes intendedfor nail-on applications.5.6.2 Pulling or DraggingNever use strapping as a meansof pulling or drag
40、ging any packages or unit.5.6.3 LiftingNever use strapping as a means of liftingunless applied using the Unit Strap Lifting Method (USLM)system.5.7 Unit Strap Lifting Method (USLM) HazardsUSLM isa specialized application of USLM steel strapping for overheadlifting and transport of large, heavy packa
41、ges. Before consid-ering a USLM application consult a USLM system vendor andtransportation or port regulatory authorities for rules andconsiderations in application. Note the following warnings:5.7.1 Compliance and TrainingCompliance with allsafety aspects of USLM application is critical to protectp
42、ersonnel. Always train all users before using the USLM orhandling USLM loads.5.7.2 Specified Strapping and SealsAlways use correctlymarked USLM steel strapping and seals (see SpecificationD 3953). Strapping and seals must be applied so that markingsare visible.5.7.3 Lifting CapacityConsult transport
43、 or port regula-tions and your USLM system supplier to determine the liftingcapacity of strapping. Do not exceed the calculated liftingcapacity.5.7.4 Damaged or Used Straps or SealsNever use dam-aged or used USLM strap or seals.5.7.5 Stand ClearBefore lifting, be sure all personnel areaway from the
44、unit load. Never stand underneath or near a loadbeing lifted.5.7.6 System AuditUSLM systems require periodic per-formance audit. Consult your USLM system vendor.GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS6. General Properties of Strap Types (See Table 2 andTable 3)6.1 Steel StrappingThis product is described in Specifi-
45、cation D 3953 and is generally classified into regular-duty,regular-duty high strength and heavy-duty strapping. Of all thetypes of strapping, steel strapping has the highest tensilestrength (break strength for a given cross-sectional area) andresistance to tension decay or creep. It is better suite
46、d toexpanding or rigid units than it is to units that settle because ithas a low settling tolerance. Regular-duty high strength strap issuggested for applications where high strength alone is theoverriding consideration. Heavy-duty and USLM steel strap-ping are suggested for applications where both
47、break strengthand elongation are overriding considerations. Heavy-duty steelstrapping is also suggested for high-temperature applications.6.2 Nonmetallic Strapping:6.2.1 Corded Strapping (Type I and IA)These productsare described in Specification D 3950. Corded strapping con-sists of two basic types
48、, rayon (Type I) and polyester (TypeIA).D467506e146.2.1.1 Of all types of strapping, polyester corded has highenergy to break for a given cross section. Heavy-duty andextra-heavy-duty polyester corded strapping are suggested forapplications where break strength and energy to break areoverriding cons
49、iderations. Polyester corded strapping is moreresistant to weathering and moisture than rayon corded strap-ping. Use wire buckles where maximum joint efficiency isrequired. Corded strapping may also be joined using plasticbuckles, seals, or hand-tied knots.6.2.2 Polypropylene (Type II)Polypropylene strapping isdescribed in Specification D 3950. Polypropylene strapping isused to describe strapping made from two closely relatedmaterials, polypropylene homopolyer and polypropylene co-polymer. While these materials have excellent resistance to
