1、Designation: D4683 09Standard Test Method forMeasuring Viscosity of New and Used Engine Oils at HighShear Rate and High Temperature by Tapered BearingSimulator Viscometer at 150 C1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4683; the number immediately following the designation indicates th
2、e year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Dep
3、artment of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination ofthe viscosity of engine oils at 150 C and 1.0106s1using aviscometer having a slightly tapered rotor and stator called theTapered Bearing Simulator (TBS) Viscometer.21.2 The Newtonian calibration oils used to estab
4、lish this testmethod range from approximately 1.2 mPas to 7.7 mPas at150 C.1.3 The non-Newtonian reference oil used to establish theshear rate of 1.0106s1for this test method has a viscosityclosely held to 3.55 mPas at 150 C.1.4 Manual, semi-automated, and fully automated viscom-eters were used in d
5、eveloping the precision statement for thistest method.1.5 Application to petroleum products other than engine oilshas not been determined in preparing the viscometric informa-tion for this test method.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are
6、included in thisstandard.1.6.1 This test method uses the milliPascalsecond (mPas)as the unit of viscosity. This unit is equivalent to the centipoise(cP).1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of th
7、is standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D4741 Test Method for Measuring Viscosity at High Tem-perature and High Shear Rate by Tapered-Plug ViscometerD5481 Test
8、 Method for Measuring Apparent Viscosity atHigh-Temperature and High-Shear Rate by Multicell Cap-illary Viscometer3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 densitymass per unit volume of the test liquid. In SI,the unit of density is the kilogram per cubic metre, but, forpractical use, a submultiple is mor
9、e convenient. Thus, gram percubic centimetre is customarily used and is equivalent to103kg/m3.3.1.2 Newtonian oil or fluidoil or liquid that at a giventemperature exhibits a constant viscosity at all shear rates orshear stresses.3.1.3 non-Newtonian oil or fluidoil or liquid that exhibitsa viscosity
10、that varies with changing shear stress and shear rate.3.1.4 shear ratevelocity gradient in liquid flow in milli-metres per second per millimetre (mm/s per mm). The SI unitfor shear rate is reciprocal seconds, s-1.3.1.5 shear stressforce per unit area causing liquid flow.The unit area noted is the ar
11、ea over which viscous shear isbeing caused.3.1.6 viscosityratio of applied shear stress and the result-ing rate of shear. It is sometimes called the coefficient ofdynamic or absolute viscosity (in contrast to kinematic viscos-ity). This coefficient is a measure of the resistance to flow ofthe liquid
12、. In the SI the unit of viscosity is the Pascalsecond(Pas), often conveniently expressed as milliPascalsecond(mPas), or as the English system equivalent, the centipoise(cP).1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct respons
13、ibility of SubcommitteeD02.07 on Flow Properties.Current edition approved July 1, 2009. Published November 2009. Originallyapproved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D468304. DOI:10.1520/D4683-09.2The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this timeis Tanna
14、s Co., 4800 James Savage Rd., Midland, MI 48642. If you are aware ofalternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM InternationalHeadquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee,1which you may attend.3For referenced ASTM
15、 standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM
16、 International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.6.1 apparent viscosityviscosity of a non-Newtonianliquid determined by this test method at a particular shear rateor shear stress.3.1.6.2 kinematic viscosityratio of the viscosity (dynamic,absolut
17、e) to the density of the liquid. It is a measure of theresistance to flow of a liquid where the shear stress (forcecausing flow) is applied by gravity. Kinematic viscosity valuesare thus affected by both the dynamic viscosity (absoluteviscosity) of the liquid and its density. In SI, the unit ofkinem
18、atic viscosity is the metre squared per second, oftenconveniently expressed as millimetre squared per second andtermed the centiStoke.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 calibration and reference oils2oils used to establishthe viscosity-torque relationship of the TBS Viscometer
19、at150 C from which both appropriate rotor/stator gap and theviscosity of an unknown oil is calculated.3.2.1.1 Newtonian calibration oils2Newtonian oils for-mulated to span a viscosity range suitable for generating thetorque-viscosity relationship necessary to calculate the viscos-ity of unknown liqu
20、ids from their indicated torque values.3.2.1.2 non-Newtonian reference oil2oil specially formu-lated and critical to this test method which produces a selectedvalue of apparent viscosity at a desired shear rate or shearstress.3.2.1.3 Newtonian reference oil2specially formulatedNewtonian oil that has
21、 the same viscosity at 150 C as thenon-Newtonian reference oil of 3.2.1.3.3.2.2 filter2special filter for removing particles from theinjected test oil that might damage the rotor-stator interface.3.2.3 idling oil2oxidatively stable Newtonian oil injectedinto the operating viscometer cell when the in
22、strument is likelyto be operating for more than 20 min and up to two weekswithout further replacement.3.2.3.1 DiscussionUse of this oil prevents formation ofstator deposits from the liquid, which may begin to decomposeafter exposure times greater than 20 min at 150 C in theoperating viscometer and p
23、ermits continuous operation of theTBS viscometer without the need to shut the instrument off.3.2.4 mechanical or digital micrometermechanical orelectronic device to measure the position of the TBS viscom-eter rotor in the stator.3.2.4.1 DiscussionMechanical micrometers increasereadings with rotor de
24、pth. Digital micrometers interact with theTBS viscometer programs.3.2.5 reciprocal torque, 1/Tvalue of the inverse of thetorque generated by the TBS viscometer which torque isindicated on the console or computer depending on whether theviscometer is being used in the manual or automated mode.3.2.6 r
25、eciprocal torque intersection, 1/Tirotor position onthe micrometer defined by the intersection of two straight lines.These are generated by the reciprocal indicated torque versusrotor height for the non-Newtonian NNR-03 and the Newto-nian R-400. The intersection indicates the rotor height at whichth
26、e rotor/stator cell will generate 1.0106s1shear rate.3.2.7 reciprocal torque intersection, 1/Tjdesired shearrate rotor position indicated by the micrometer at the intersec-tion of two straight lines generated by the Reciprocal TorqueIntercept Method (see 10.1.4 and Annex A2) using both theNewtonian
27、reference oil of 3.2.1.2 and the non-Newtonianreference oil of 3.2.1.3.3.2.7.1 DiscussionA series of reciprocal torque valuesobtained at several rotor heights on both oils give linearequations whose intersection establishes the desired rotorheight position for operation at a chosen shear rate. For t
28、his testmethod the shear rate is 1.0106s1.3.2.8 rotor height (rotor position)vertical position of therotor relative to the stator and measured by a mechanical orelectronic micrometer (see 3.2.4) depending on the ModelTBS.3.2.8.1 DiscussionFor those TBS viscometers equippedwith a mechanical micromete
29、r (Models 400, 450, 500, 600 andSS) the rotor height decreases and approaches contact with thestator with increasing indicated values on the micrometer. Forthose TBS viscometers equipped with electronic micrometers(Models 2100 E and 2100 EF) the rotor height increases withincreasing indicated values
30、.3.2.9 rubbing contact positionrotor height determinedwhen the tapered rotor is brought into slipping contact with thesimilarly tapered stator.3.2.10 stored position of rotor heightrotor position withthe rotor 0.50 mm above the rubbing contact position (see3.2.9) when the instrument is shut down.3.2
31、.11 test oilany oil for which the apparent viscosity is tobe determined by this test method.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A motor turns a tapered rotor closely fitted inside amatched tapered stator at a rotor-stator gap found by theReciprocal Torque Intersection Method to provide 1.0106s1at 150 C, wh
32、ich are the test conditions of this test method.When this operating condition is established, test oils areintroduced into the gap between the spinning rotor andstationary stator either directly by the operator or indirectly byautomated injection. When a test liquid is injected, the rotorexperiences
33、 a reactive torque to the liquids resistance to flow(viscous friction) and this torque response level is used todetermine the apparent viscosity.5. Significance and Use5.1 Viscosity values at the shear rate and temperature of thistest method have been indicated to be related to the viscosityprovidin
34、g hydrodynamic lubrication in automotive and heavyduty engines in severe service.45.2 The viscosities of engine oils under such high tempera-tures and shear rates are also related to their effects on fuelefficiency and the importance of high shear rate, high tempera-ture viscosity has been addressed
35、 in a number of publicationsand presentations.46. Apparatus6.1 Tapered Bearing Simulator-Viscometer (TBS)2A pat-ented viscometer consisting of a motor directly connected to a4For a comprehensive review, see “ The Relationship Between High-Temperature Oil Rheology and Engine Operations,”ASTM Data Ser
36、ies Publication62.D4683 092slightly tapered rotor that fits into a matched tapered stator (seeFig. 1). The reaction torque of the rotor to the liquid in the cellis measured and used to calculated viscosity. Several models ofthe TBS Viscometer are in use (see Annex A1 for informationand pictures of l
37、ater models). All TBS models are capable ofanalyzing test oils at temperatures from 40 C to 200 C, butearlier models were more limited in their upper viscosity range.6.1.1 The stator enclosed within its insulated housing is heldimmobile while the motor and the connected rotor are setabove and within
38、 the stator, respectively, on a cantileveredplatform attached to a mechanical elevator that can be movedvertically either manually or by a computer program using astepper motor to change the platform height (see Annex A1).6.1.2 The resistive force of the test oil is transferred to aload cell that me
39、asures the torque required to turn the rotor atthe speed selected. Earlier models of the TBS viscometeroperated at 3500 or 3600 r/min depending on the frequency ofthe supplied voltage. Later models (2100 E, and 2100 EF) havebeen equipped to operate at multiple speeds which allow theoperator to produ
40、ce a series of shear rates variable by choice ofthe combination of initial rotor-stator gap and rotor speed.NOTE 1This technique applies to all TBS viscometer models, manual,semi-automated, and fully automated.6.2 Three models of theTBSViscometer (Models 500, 2100E, and EF) are shown in Annex A1 and
41、 have the operatingviscosities, cooling modes, and temperatures given in TableA1.1.NOTE 2TBS Models 400, 450, 500, 600, and SS use a so-calledbouncer to prepare the load cell for taking a torque reading except whendetermining the Reciprocal Torque Intercept. (The semi-automated ver-sion of Model 500
42、 automatically applies the bouncer at the appropriatepoint of operation automatically as part of its program.) Models 2100 Eand 2100 EF do not require the bouncer technique, since neither hasturntable bearings.26.3 Automated and Semi-automated Systems for Calibra-tion, Injection, and Data Analysis P
43、rogramsAutomatedprograms for the TBS Viscometer simulate the manual method.Programmed as well as manually operated TBS Viscometerswere used in producing the data supporting this test method.6.4 Cooling SystemsAs shown in Table A1.1, in additionto natural radiation and convection of heat from the sta
44、tor, twostator cooling systems are available for TBS Viscometersdepending on the viscosity of test liquid to be analyzed. Astator housing is designed for each type of cooling system.6.5 Sample InjectionSample injection depends on themanner in which the TBS viscometer is operated. In manualmode, samp
45、le injection is with either re-usable 50-mL glass ordisposable plastic syringes equipped with Luer lock connec-tions fitting the tip of the filling tube. In semi-and fully-automated mode, the filling line from the autosampler isconnected by a Luer lock fitting to the filling tube.26.6 Filter Assembl
46、yA filter holder, able to be disas-sembled, containing five nominal 10 micron filter discs or aone piece discardable filter cartridge2is interposed between thesyringe (or autosampler line) injecting the test oil and the statorfilling tube to remove particles capable of damaging therotor/stator cell.
47、NOTE 3 Refer to the Owners Manual for frequency of changing filtercartridges, particularly with used engine oil.6.7 Data Recording EquipmentRefer to the OwnersManual for the viscometer model.7. Materials7.1 Calibration Oils2These are Newtonian oils of knowndynamic viscosity at 150 C (see 3.2.1). Tab
48、le 1 shows thedynamic viscosity values of eight Newtonian oils, R-100 toR-600, which are available from the manufacturer of the TBSViscometer and described in the Owners Manual.7.2 Non-Newtonian Reference OilThis reference oil isessential in setting the rotor/stator gap to 1.0106s1shear rate(see 3.2
49、.1.3). The nominal apparent viscosity of non-Newtonian Reference Oil, NNR-03 used in applying this testmethod at 150 C is given in Table 1 and is matched to theviscosity of R-400 both held closely to 3.55 mPas (see3.2.1.2).7.3 Idling OilSee 3.2.3 and the Owners Manual forinformation and use.7.4 SolventSuch as VarClean,2used to remove any var-nish and deposits on the rotor/stator surfaces after extendeduse. Follow manufacturers instructions in the Owners Manualfor use in the TBS viscometer.7.5 Cooling Gas
