1、Designation: D4685 07 (Reapproved 2011)1Standard Test Method forPile Fabric Abrasion1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4685; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in
2、parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEThe Terminology section was updated in June 2011.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abra-sion of pile fabrics when the loss of
3、 pile tuffs occur, sometimescalled pile retention or pile pull out. It includes two procedures:1.1.1 Procedure AThe “Heavy Duty” procedure describesthe test option for fabrics over 240 g/m2(7 oz/yd2) or fabricswhich should meet heavy duty end-use conditions of wear.1.1.2 Procedure BThe “Light Duty”
4、procedure describesthe test option for fabrics under 240 g/m2(7 oz/yd2) or fabricswhich should meet light duty end-use conditions of wear.1.2 The test method is intended for both regular, riblesswoven corduroy or other woven pile fabric constructions.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regar
5、ded as thestandard.1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, opera-tions, and equipment. This standard does not purport toaddress all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with itsuse. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard toestablish appropriate safety and health pract
6、ices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD2724 Test Methods for Bonded, Fused, and LaminatedApparel FabricsD3884 Test Method for Abr
7、asion Resistance of TextileFabrics (Rotary Platform, Double-Head Method)D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric TestMethods2.2 ASTM Adjunct:3Photographic Scale for Pile Reten-tion2.3 AATCC Method:4TM 135 Dimensional Changes in Automatic Home Laun-dering of Woven or Knit Fabrics3. Terminolog
8、y3.1 For all terminology related to D13.59 on Fabric TestMethods. General, see Terminology D4850.3.2 The following terms are relevant to this standard:abrasion, corduroy, pile fabric, pile retention, velveteen.3.3 For definitions of all other textile terms see TerminologyD123.4. Summary of Test Meth
9、od4.1 Test specimens are exposed to a specified number ofabrasion cycles on face and back separately and then evaluatedby viewing the specimen over a light box and comparing tophotographic standards. The method measures only the amountof pile pulled out of the base fabric structure and not thesurfac
10、e pile appearance attributes, such as crushed or flattenribs.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for qualitycontrol testing and commercial shipment acceptance.5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences inreported test results when using this test method, t
11、he purchaserand the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determineif there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Compe-tent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigationof bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take testspecimens that are from the lot of materia
12、l of the type inquestion. The test specimens should then be randomly assignedin equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.59 on Fabric Test Methods,General
13、.Current edition approved May 1, 2011. Published June 2011. Originallyapproved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D4685 07. DOI:10.1520/D4685-07R11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Boo
14、k of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3A set of six photographic standards for pile retention of corduroy fabrics isavailable from ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, W. Conchohocken, PA19483-9585. Request adjunct no. 12-446850-
15、18.4Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists(AATCC), P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, http:/www.aatcc.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.results from the two laboratories
16、 should be compared usingstudents t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probabilitylevel chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. Ifa bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected orthe purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret futuretest results in the ligh
17、t of the known bias.5.2 Finishes and changes in fabric surfaces may exert alarge effect on pile retention of corduroy. Therefore, it may bedesirable to test before as well as after laundering or dryclean-ing, or both.5.3 The separate testing of specimens on the face and backof the fabric is importan
18、t in this test method since the pilepull-out may be due to abrasive action on either the face orback. With many pile fabrics, specifically corduroy construc-tions, pile retention properties are worse when abraded on theback.6. Apparatus6.1 Rotary Platform Abraser, as described in Test MethodD3884.56
19、.1.1 CS-10 Calibrase Abrading Wheels.6.1.2 Specimen Holder, rubber pad, clamp plate, and clampring.6.1.3 Auxillary Weight, to give a load of 500 g per wheel.6.1.4 Vacuum Unit.6.2 Round Template, or die approximately 135 mm (514 in.)in diameter for cutting out specimens.6.3 Photographic Rating Standa
20、rds.36.4 Lighted Viewing Box, for evaluation (see Fig. 1).6.4.1 The box is approximately 215 mm (838 in.) in height,150 mm (578 in.) wide, 150 mm (578 in.) in depth, with a 90mm (334 3 in.) diameter opening in the top. The opening iscovered with a clear glass plate which has a black 25 mm (1in.) cir
21、cular tape glued to the center of the opening to preventlight from passing through the center hole of the specimenwhile grading.6.4.2 The box contains a 75 W reflector flood light6the topof which is 38 mm (112 in.) below the glass surface of the boxand the specimen. The lamp size and spacing is crit
22、ical.7. Sampling7.1 Lot SampleAs a lot sample for acceptance testing,take at random the number of rolls of fabric directed in anapplicable material specification or other agreement betweenthe purchaser and the supplier. Consider rolls of fabric to be theprimary sampling units.7.2 Laboratory SampleAs
23、 a laboratory sample, take fromeach roll of fabric in the lot sample a full width swatch at least500 mm (20 in.) long after removing at least1m(1yd)offabric from the outside of the roll. If the fabric is also to beevaluated after laundering or drycleaning, take a second fullwidth swatch 500 mm (20 i
24、n.) long from each roll of fabric inthe lot sample.7.3 Test SpecimensCut four specimens from each swatchin the laboratory sample as directed in 8.1.8. Specimens and Preparation8.1 Using the template or die specified in 6.2, cut fourspecimens 133 mm (514 in.) in diameter from each laboratorysample. I
25、f a sample is to be evaluated after laundering ordrycleaning, four additional specimens will be taken. (SeeSection 9).8.2 Cut the specimens from each laboratory sample so thateach specimen contains different warp and filling yarns. Twospecimens are to be used to test the face of the sample and twosp
26、ecimens to test the back of the fabric.8.3 Prepare specimen by folding the round specimen twiceand cutting off the pointed tip to produce a 6-mm (14-in.) holein the center of the specimen to accommodate the clampingscrew.8.4 Determine the fabric mass or identify the anticipatedend-use of the sample,
27、 or both, for proper selection of thetesting option.8.5 Prior to testing, ensure the expiration date of theabrasion wheels has not passed for the CS-10 wheels. Followthe manufacturers recommended procedure for breaking innew, or resurfacing and cleaning wheel sets.NOTE 1See detailed instructions on
28、preconditioning and other opera-tions in the instrument manual or those in Test Method D3884.9. Laundering and Drycleaning9.1 LaunderingIf the fabric is to be evaluated afterlaundering, launder the appropriate laboratory samples forthree cycles using AATCC TM 135, unless the purchaser andsupplier ag
29、ree to use an alternate procedure.9.2 DrycleaningIf the fabric is to be evaluated afterdrycleaning, dryclean the appropriate laboratory samples forthree cycles as directed in 10.1 through 10.1.4.5 of Method5The Taber Abraser has been found suitable for this purpose. Several models areavailable from
30、Taber Industries, 455 Bryant St., North Tonawanda, NY 14120.6A 75-watt reflector flood light manufactured by General Electric Co. (75R30/FL) has been found suitable for this purpose.FIG. 1 Pile Retention Viewing BoxD4685 07 (2011)12D2724, unless an alternative procedure is agreed upon by thepurchase
31、r and supplier.10. Conditioning10.1 Bring the specimens to moisture equilibrium withoutpreconditioning, as directed in Practice D1776.11. Procedure11.1 Test the conditioned specimens in the standard atmo-sphere for testing textiles, which is a temperature of 21 6 1C(70 6 2F) and a relative humidity
32、of 65 6 2%.11.2 Mount the specimen on the holder and attach the clampplate and nut.11.3 Position the clamp ring to a tight fit over the specimenand holder and draw the specimen taut by pressing the holddown ring uniformly over the edge of the holder. When thedesired tension is obtained, tighten the
33、clamp ring screw.Avoidexcessive tightening of the clamp ring screw so as to preventspecimen wrinkling. (Fabrics with stretch yarns are difficult tomount uniformly.)11.4 If the specimen holder is removed to mount or analyzespecimens, prior to testing ensure the holder is properlyreplaced on the drive
34、 shaft of the tester.11.5 Lower the abrading heads carefully onto the surface ofthe specimen.11.6 Lower the suction nozzle and adjust it to 6.35 mm (14in.) above the specimen. Failure to adjust the nozzle to thefabric thickness can cause excess abrasion if the nozzle is lefttoo low.11.7 Adjust the c
35、ontrol between 60 and 100, or to a settinghigh enough to remove abraded particles.11.8 Select the desired number of test cycles and wheelloading as listed in the procedures below:11.8.1 Option A Heavy Duty ProcedureTest two speci-mens on the fabric face for 300 cycles and two specimens onthe back fo
36、r 100 cycles. Use CS-10 wheels with a loading massof 500 g/wheel.11.8.2 Option B Light Duty ProcedureTest two specimenson the fabric face for 300 cycles and two specimens on theback for 50 cycles. Use CS-10 wheels with a loading mass of250 g/wheel. (Each arm minus the auxillary weights equals 250g/w
37、heel.)11.9 After testing, raise wheels and vacuum nozzle thenremove the specimen for grading. If desired, the holder may beremoved from the tester by lifting straight up. This will permita closer inspection of the specimen prior to removal from theholder.NOTE 2For special studies when a transparent
38、platform to thespecimen holder is used, pile loss may be observed over the viewing boxwith the specimen still attached to the transparent holder.12. Evaluation12.1 The operator is to rate all abraded specimens byplacing them, face up, over the lighted viewing box forcomparison with the Photographic
39、Pile Retention Scale. Aviewing angle that is perpendicular to the specimen is to beused. See Fig. 2. In the case of dispute or referee, three ratersshould be used.FIG. 2 Pile Retention Specimen Placement on Viewing BoxD4685 07 (2011)1312.2 The ASTM photographic scale for rating resistance topile ret
40、ention has six levels of pile retention. They are asfollows:5.0Excellent4.0Good3.5Fair to good3.0Fair2.0Poor1.0Very poor12.3 If interpolations are needed in the above list of photo-graphic standards, only half steps may be used. Therefore,ratings are: 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, and 5.0.
41、12.4 Sometimes the photographic rating levels do not com-pare with the wear pattern, the exact type, size and arrangementof pile pull-out in the specimen, but the grade levels can beused as a general rating guide for the population of pile loss.12.5 Color changes, overall abrasion, matting down andf
42、old-over of high pile, and openness of weave should not be afactor in evaluation; only the loss of pile as observed bytransmitted light should be considered.13. Report13.1 State that the specimens were tested as described inTest Method D4685. Describe the material or product sampled,and the method o
43、f sampling used.13.2 Report the following information:13.2.1 Ratings on each individual specimen to the nearesthalf point, the average ratings of each laboratory sample to thenearest half point and whether or not the samples werelaundered or drycleaned,13.2.2 For those specimens washed before testin
44、g, launder-ing conditions used,13.2.3 If the fabric was drycleaned before testing, dryclean-ing conditions used,13.2.4 Ratings made on face and back of each set ofspecimens, and13.2.5 Test optionsHeavy Duty or Light Duty.14. Precision and Bias14.1 SummaryThis test method was dropped from publi-catio
45、n in 1996 in accordance with ASTM policy to dropstandards not reapproved or updated every five years. Textilecompanies relayed their interest and need to have the standardback into official status as this test method was the onlyabrasion method for corduroy and the test method was beingused to evalu
46、ate abrasion for other pile fabrics. Efforts wereundertaken in 2003 to review, revise, and develop a precisionand bias statement for the method to get the standard back intoofficial status.14.2 Intralaboratory Test DataAn intralaboratory studywas undertaken by a textile company in 2004. A total of f
47、ivesamples were selected for the study to represent a range ofweights and number of corduroy wales (pile columns) and toinclude another type of pile fabric, velveteen, that does nothave raised wales which are a distinct physical characteristic ofcorduroy construction. A Taber Abrasion Tester Model 5
48、130was used for testing all specimens. Specimens were taken fromeach sample and randomized for three technicians to performthree tests on both the face and back of each sample. All testswere performed and specimens graded in standard atmospheresfor textile testing according to Practice D1776. Analys
49、is of thedata was conducted using Stat Graphics. Table 1 gives thestandard deviation of all raters for each study sample, Table 2shows the components of variation, and Table 3 presents theanalysis of variance excluding location. The five, 100 % cottonsamples were:Fabric 15.2 oz/yd222 wale corduroyFabric 26.5 oz/yd216 wale corduroyFabric 39.4 oz/yd214 wale corduroyFabric 49.3 oz/yd27 wale corduroyFabric 58.3 oz/yd2velveteen14.3 BiasThe true value of pile retention for pile fabricscan only be defined in terms of a specific test metho
