1、Designation: D 4740 04An American National StandardStandard Test Method forCleanliness and Compatibility of Residual Fuels by SpotTest1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4740; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case o
2、f revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers separate procedures for deter-mining the cleanliness of residual fue
3、l oil and the compatibilityof a residual fuel oil with a blend stock. It is applicable toresidual fuel oils with viscosities up to 50 cSt (1 cSt = 1 mm2s)at 100C.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.3
4、 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Docu
5、ments2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD 4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsE 1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:3Reference Spot Sheet (D 4740)3. Terminology3.1 Description
6、s of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 blend stock, na finished residual fuel oil or fuel oilcomponent, including petroleum streams ranging from kero-sine to residuals and asphalt.3.1.2 cleanliness, nof residual fuel, the absence of sus-pended solids in a finished sample.3.1.3 compatibility, nof
7、 residual fuel, the absence ofsuspended solids when equal volumes of a sample and a blendstock are mixed together.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Cleanliness ProcedureA drop of the preheated andthoroughly mixed sample is put on a test paper and placed inan oven at 100C. After 1 h, the test paper is rem
8、oved from theoven and the resultant spot is examined for evidence ofsuspended solids and rated for cleanliness using the D 4740Adjunct Reference Spots.4.2 Compatibility ProcedureA blend composed of equalvolumes of the sample fuel oil and the blend stock is tested inthe same way as described in 4.1 a
9、nd rated for compatibilityagainst D 4740 Adjunct Reference Spots.5. Significance and Use5.1 The two procedures in this test method are used alone orin combination to identify fuels or blends that could result inexcessive centrifuge loading, strainer plugging, tank sludgeformation, or similar operati
10、ng problems.5.2 A spot rating of Number 3 or higher on a finished fueloil by the cleanliness procedure indicates that the fuel containsexcessive suspended solids and is likely to cause operatingproblems.5.3 Although a fuel may test clean when subjected to thecleanliness procedure, suspended solids m
11、ay precipitate whenthe fuel is mixed with a blend stock. Evidence of suchincompatibility is indicated by a spot rating of Number 3 orhigher in the compatibility procedure.6. Apparatus6.1 Test PaperChromatographic or filter paper cut ordivided into appropriately sized squares, strips, or circles.What
12、man #2 Qualitative filter paper4has been found to besuitable and was used in the interlaboratory round robin study.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.14 on Stability and Cleanliness
13、 of Liquid Fuels.Current edition approved June 1, 2004. Published July 2004. Originally approvedin 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 474002.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of AST
14、MStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from ASTM Headquarters. Order Adjunct No. ADJD4740.4The sole source of supply of Whatman paper No. 2 known to the committee atthis time is Whatman, Inc., 9 Bridewell Place, Clifton, NJ 07014. If
15、 you are awareof alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM InternationalHeadquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee1, which you may attend.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Cop
16、yright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.In case of dispute, use Whatman #2 Qualitative filter paper.Store the paper, without folding, rolling, or bending, in atightly closed container.6.2 Test Paper SupportFig. 1 shows a suitable
17、 support formultiple samples spotted on the same test paper, which shall besupported in a horizontal position so nothing touches test areasof the paper.6.3 OvenAny convection oven capable of maintaining anair temperature of 100 6 2C.6.4 Reference Spot SheetAdjunct for D 4740.6.5 Conical Flask, 100-m
18、L capacity.6.6 Heating Bath or Hot Plate, capable of heating sample toa temperature between 90 and 95C.6.7 Temperature Measuring Device, capable of accuratelymeasuring the temperature within the tolerances required in 6.3and 6.6, such as ASTM 1C thermometer, or liquid-in-glassthermometers, thermocou
19、ples, or platinum-resistance ther-mometers that provide equivalent or better accuracy andprecision may be used.7. Sampling7.1 Samples for this test can come from tanks, lines, drums,or small containers. Use the applicable apparatus and tech-niques described in Practices D 4057 or D 4177.8. Cleanline
20、ss Procedure8.1 Heat the sample in the original container in the heatingbath or on a hot plate to above 90 to ensure the sample is ina fluid state.8.2 Mix thoroughly.NOTE 1Mechanical shaking or mechanical mixing is recommended.8.3 Pour approximately 50 mL of the sample into a 100-mLconical flask and
21、 place the flask in the heating bath or on a hotplate.8.4 Heat the sample uniformly by stirring and maintain thesample temperature between 90 and 95C for 15 to 20 min.8.5 Position the test paper so the test portion is clear of anysupport (Fig. 1), and place in the oven for a minimum of 5 minallowing
22、 the paper temperature to attain the oven temperature.8.6 Preheat the glass rod by dipping into and stirring theheated sample for about 20 s. Withdraw the rod and allow thefirst drop to fall back into the conical flask. Allow the seconddrop to fall onto the test paper which is supported horizontally
23、in the oven heated to a temperature of 100C.8.6.1 A number of samples may be spotted on the same testpaper. The spot centers must not be closer than 50 mm and atleast 25 mm from the edge of the test paper.8.7 Dry the test paper in the oven maintained at 100 6 2Cfor 1 h. The test paper must be kept l
24、evel and supported in sucha manner to prevent the spotted portion from coming intocontact with any surface.8.8 After 1 h, remove the test paper from the oven. Refer tothe reference spot adjunct and to the reference spot descriptionsgiven in Table 1. Compare the spot with the standard spots onthe adj
25、unct and record the spot number having the closestresemblance. If the sample spot is rated between two consecu-tive spots on the adjunct, record the larger number.NOTE 2Ignore differences in overall darkness, color, size, and appear-ance of the outer edges.9. Compatibility Procedure9.1 Pour 30 mL of
26、 test sample in an appropriate container,heating if necessary.9.2 Add an equal volume of blend stock to the test sampleand mix the contents thoroughly.9.3 The equal volume of blend is generally the most severecondition for measuring compatibility. If in actual practice anapplication requires a blend
27、ing ratio other than equal parts,conduct the test using the actual blend ratio for the test resultsto have a good probability of being indicative of the finalblend.9.4 Immediately test 50 mL of the mixture as described in8.3-8.8.FIG. 1 Support for Test PaperTABLE 1 Reference Spot DescriptionReferenc
28、eSpot No.Characterizing Features1 Homogeneous spot (no inner ring)2 Faint or poorly defined inner ring3 Well-defined thin inner ring, only slightly darker than the back-ground4 Well-defined inner ring, thicker than the ring in reference spot No. 3and somewhat darker than the background5 Very dark so
29、lid or nearly solid area in the center. The central area ismuch darker than the backgroundD474004210. Report10.1 Report the cleanliness or the compatibility rating as aninteger from 1 to 5, as determined in 8.8. Report the blend ratiowhen other than 50:50 is used to determine the capabilityrating.11
30、. Precision and Bias11.1 Precision and bias statements have not been deter-mined for the preparation of the spots; however, a precisionstatement regarding how different individuals rate spots wasdetermined by a modified round robin test. The need forstatements pertaining to the preparation of the sp
31、ots is beingconsidered.11.1.1 The precision of the procedure in Test MethodD 4740, for different individuals using the same D 4740Adjunct Reference Spots in conjunction with Table 1 to rate thesame spots prepared in accordance with Test Method D 4740from field samples, as determined at a common site
32、 is asfollows:11.1.1.1 RepeatabilityThe difference between successiveratings of the same spot by the same individual viewed undersame conditions would, in the long run, not exceed one ratingnumber only in one case in twenty.11.1.1.2 ReproducibilityThe difference between twosingle independent ratings
33、 obtained by different individuals forthe same spot viewed under the same conditions would, in thelong run, not exceed one rating number only in one case intwenty.11.2 BiasSince there is no accepted reference materialsuitable for preparing the spots used in the spot ratingprocedures in Test Method D
34、 4740, bias has not been deter-mined.12. Keywords12.1 cleanliness; compatibility; residual fuel; spot testSUMMARY OF CHANGESSubcommittee D02.14 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue(D 474002) that may impact the use of this standard.(1) Revised 6.1. (2
35、) Revised 6.7.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of su
36、ch rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for addi
37、tional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to th
38、e ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D4740043
