1、Designation: D 4772 97 (Reapproved 2004)Standard Test Method forSurface Water Absorption of Terry Fabrics (Water Flow)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4772; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method determines the ability of a terry fabricto rapidly absorb and retain liquid water from surfa
3、ces such ashuman skin, dishes, and furniture.1.2 This test method is not applicable to non-terry fabricssuch as huck towels, waffle-weave towels, crash towels,flour-sack towels, and nonwoven wipes. The steep angle of thespecimen on the apparatus may cause a large amount of waterto runoff these non-p
4、ile fabrics, or the lightweight/open struc-ture of these fabrics may allow a large amount of water tocompletely pass through the specimen; thus the test result maynot be a valid measure of a non-terry fabrics ability to absorbwater.1.3 This test method is not applicable to decorative terryfabrics th
5、at will not be used to absorb water from surfaces.1.4 This test method is written in SI units. The inch-poundunits that are provided are not necessarily exact equivalents ofthe SI units. Either system of units may be used in this testmethod. In case of referee decisions the SI units will prevail.1.5
6、 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Docu
7、ments2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 1776 Practice for Conditioning Textiles for TestingD 2904 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile TestMethod that Produces Normally Distributed DataD 2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias forTextilesD 3136 Termin
8、ology for Permanent Care Labels for Con-sumer Textile and Leather Products Other Than Carpetsand UpholsteryD 5433 Performance Specification for Towel Products forInstitutional and Household Use2.2 AATCC Standard:Test Method 135 Dimensional Changes in Automatic HomeLaundering of Woven and Knit Fabric
9、s33. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 absorption, na process in which one material (theabsorbent) takes in or absorbs another (the absorbate); as theabsorption of moisture by fibers.3.1.2 pile, nin pile fabric, the raised loops or tufts (cutloops) that form all or part of the surface.3.1.3 surface w
10、ater absorption, nby a fabric, the processof removing liquid water from a surface such as human skin,dishes, or furniture.3.1.4 terry fabric, na material with a woven warp pile ora knitted pile, with uncut loops on a single side or uncut loopson both sides, and which is used for such products as tow
11、eling,beachwear, and bathrobes.3.1.5 For definitions of other textile terms used in this testmethod, refer to Terminologies D 123 and D 3136.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A terry fabric product with hems or with both hems andselvages (such as a bath towel), or a terry fabric without hemsor without bo
12、th hems and selvages (such as a terry fabric cutfrom a roll) is prepared for testing by preconditioning andconditioning. Specimens are placed one at a time in anembroidery hoop and then the hoop/specimen assembly isplaced at an angle on the base of the apparatus. After waterflows down the surface of
13、 each specimen, the amount of waterretained by each specimen is measured. Six specimens aretested, three on the face of the fabric and three on the back ofthe fabric. The six observations are averaged to determine thesurface water absorption of the fabric.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method
14、may be used to test the surface waterabsorption of terry fabrics for bath towels, bath sheets, handtowels, kitchen towels, dishcloths, washcloths, beachwear,1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.59 on Fabric
15、Test Methods,General.Current edition approved Jan. 10, 1997. Published June 1997. Originallypublished as D 4772-88. Last previous editioin D 4772 88.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStanda
16、rds volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website3Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, P.O.Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 1942
17、8-2959, United States.bathrobes, and the like. Different specifications may be neededfor each of these fabrics because of different applications.45.2 It is recognized that surface water absorption is only oneof the characteristics that the ultimate consumer may use indetermining which terry fabric i
18、s acceptable. Consult Specifi-cation D 5433 for other characteristics that may be applicableto terry fabrics.5.3 This test method is recommended for quality controltesting of terry fabrics during manufacturing and productcomparisons of different terry fabrics by manufacturers, retail-ers, and users.
19、5.4 This test method may be used for the acceptance testingof commercial shipments of terry fabrics, but caution isadvised since interlaboratory precision is known to be poor.Comparative tests as directed in 5.4.1 may be advisable.5.4.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences inreported test r
20、esults when using this test method for acceptancetesting of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the sup-plier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there isa statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statis-tical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias.As
21、a minimum, the two parties should take a group oflaboratory sampling units (such as towels) that are as homo-geneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of thetype in question. The laboratory sampling units should then berandomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory fortesting. T
22、he average results from the two laboratories should becompared using appropriate statistical analysis for unpaireddata and an acceptable probability level chosen by the twoparties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either itscause must be found and corrected or the purchaser andsupplie
23、r must agree to interpret future test results with consid-eration of the known bias.6. Apparatus and Materials6.1 Water Flow TesterThis tester is not commerciallyavailable, but it is not difficult or expensive to build. The testershown in Figs. 1-3 can be made from the parts and the seriesof steps d
24、escribed in Annex A1; however, there are otheracceptable ways to build the tester. Sections 6.1.1-6.1.4 indi-cate the critical factors which must be incorporated into thedesign of the tester.6.1.1 The hoop/specimen assembly must be at 1.1 rad (60)to the table top (see Fig. 1 and Fig. 3).6.1.2 The 50
25、-mL graduate mounted on the apparatus mustbe parallel to the table top (see Figs. 1 and 2). The pour spouton this graduate must be 3.0 6 0.2 cm (1.18 6 0.08 in.) downfrom where the adjustment screw bracket joints the outer hoopand 0.6 6 0.4 cm (0.24 6 0.16 in.) away from the hoop/specimen assembly (
26、see Fig. 1 and Fig. 3).6.1.3 The funnel, valve, fittings, tubing, and graduatemounted on the apparatus (see Fig. 2) must not restrict the flowof water. The time between the opening of the valve and thetime the water has exited the graduate (except for a few drops)must be less than 8.0 s. (The tester
27、 shown in Figs. 2 and 3 hasa mean of 5.7 s and a standard deviation of 0.5 s).6.1.4 The hoop/specimen assembly must be mounted on thebase in a manner to direct all water not absorbed by thespecimen toward the pan (see Figs. 1-3). It is especiallyimportant that any water that passes completely throug
28、h thespecimen is directed toward the pan and is not allowed to beabsorbed by the lower portion of the specimen, or the edge ofthe laboratory sampling unit, or held where the hoop contactsthe base.6.2 Embroidery Hoop, 15.3-cm (6-in.) outer diameter ofinner hoop. If the hoop is made of wood, it must h
29、ave awater-resistant finish (such as a marine varnish).6.3 Graduate, Polymethylpentene (PMP) 50 mL.6.4 Distilled or Deionized Water,at216 1C (70 6 2F).6.5 Laboratory Sampling Unit Conditioning Equipment,facilities such as a multiple shelf/rod conditioning rack (forexample see Practice D 1776) or a c
30、lothesline and clothespins.For more information see 9.2.6.6 Tumble Dryer, equivalent to the one described inAATCC Test Method 135.6.7 Washing Machine, equivalent to the one described inAATCC Test Method 135.4The relationship between water and textiles is complex. For information on thedifferent form
31、s of interaction between water and textiles see: Zeronian, S. H.“Analysis of the Interaction Between Water and Textiles,” pages 117128 inAnalytical Methods for a Textile Laboratory, American Association of TextileChemists and Colorists, third edition, 1984, edited by J. W. Weaver.A = Hoop,B = Base,C
32、 = Funnel,D = Valve,E = Graduate,F = Pour Spout,G = Pan, andH = Adjustment Screw.FIG. 1 Schematic Diagram of a Typical Water Flow TesterD 4772 97 (2004)26.8 Detergent, heavy duty granule, equivalent to The 1993AATCC Standard Reference Detergent described in AATCCTest Method 135 or any detergent agre
33、ed upon by the pur-chaser and the supplier that does not include fabric softener orbleach.7. Sampling7.1 Lot SampleAs a lot sample for acceptance testing,take at random the number of shipping cartons or the numberof rolls of fabric directed in an applicable material specificationor other agreement b
34、etween the purchaser and the supplier.Consider shipping cartons or rolls of fabric to be the primarysampling units, see Note 1.NOTE 1Any agreement between the purchaser and supplier must takeinto account the variability between rolls, bolts, or pieces of fabric andbetween specimens from a swatch of
35、fabric from a roll, bolt, or piece, orbetween cartons of garments and between garments within a carton, toprovide a sampling plan with a meaningful producers risk, consumersrisk, acceptable quality level, and limiting quality level.7.2 Laboratory SampleAs a laboratory sample for accep-tance testing,
36、 take the number of laboratory sampling unitsspecified in the agreement between the purchaser and thesupplier. Take the laboratory sampling units as follows:7.2.1 Recommended Laboratory Sampling UnitBecausethis is a nondestructive test method, the recommended labora-tory sampling unit is a terry fab
37、ric product with hems or withboth hems and selvages (such as a bath towel). The fabricshould be dyed and finished as the consumer would purchase it.A fabric approximately 112 (lengthwise direction) by 56 cm(44 by 22 in.) or larger is easier to test than a small fabric as allsix observations can be m
38、ade on one fabric, but the procedureallows for testing a small fabric such as a hand towel (see Note2).NOTE 2A 20.0 by 20.0-cm (7.87 by 7.87-in.) fabric is the smallestlaboratory sampling unit that can be tested on the apparatus. Six of thesesmall laboratory sampling units will be needed to provide
39、the sixobservations. In choosing the size of the laboratory sampling unit, keep inmind that terry fabric has a high degree of shrinkage during washing anddrying.7.2.2 Alternate Laboratory Sampling UnitAs an alterna-tive to the procedure described in 7.2.1, a terry fabric withouthems or without both
40、hems and selvages can be used (such asa terry fabric cut from a roll). The fabric should be dyed andfinished as the consumer would purchase it. A fabric approxi-mately 112 (lengthwise direction) by 56 cm (44 by 22 in.) orFIG. 2 A Typical Water Flow TesterFIG. 3 The Water Flow Tester with the Laborat
41、ory Sampling Unitin PlaceD 4772 97 (2004)3larger is easier to test than a small fabric as all six observationscan be made on one fabric, but the procedure allows for testinga small fabric (see Note 2).7.3 SpecimensAfter the laboratory sampling unit(s) hasbeen prepared as directed in Section 8 and co
42、nditioned asdirected in Section 9, take six specimens (the area inside thehoop) by locating the hoop on the laboratory sampling unit(s)as follows:7.3.1 For a laboratory sampling unit(s) that is approximately112 (lengthwise direction) by 56 cm (44 by 22 in.) or larger,locate the hoop as shown in Fig.
43、 4.7.3.2 For a laboratory sampling unit(s) that is not largeenough to locate the hoop so that all six specimens are on onelaboratory sampling unit, alternate the hoop from face to backusing as many laboratory sampling units as needed to obtainthe six specimens.8. Preparation of the Laboratory Sampli
44、ng Unit8.1 Recommended Preparation of the Laboratory SamplingUnitThe recommended preparation of the laboratory sam-pling unit uses a dryer to precondition the laboratory samplingunit and raise the pile so it is not matted down. See 6.6 for adescription of the dryer. The procedure is as follows:8.1.1
45、 If fabric softener has recently been used in the dryer,dry a 3.6-kg (8-lb) dummy load of desized unsoftened fabricswhich will not be tested, and then repeat this procedure with adifferent dummy load of 3.6 kg (8 lb) of desized unsoftenedfabrics.58.1.2 Clean the lint filter.8.1.3 Load the dryer with
46、 laboratory sampling units thatcomprise a homogeneous load (for example, same manufac-turer, same line, same finishing, and same previous care). It isnot necessary to have a full load in the dryer, so it is acceptableto load only one laboratory sampling unit into the dryer.8.1.4 Select normal cycle,
47、 medium temperature (see Termi-nology D 3136, and AATCC Test Method 135), and run thedryer for 20 min. Do not use fabric softener during thisprocedure.8.1.5 If the laboratory sampling unit(s) was originally damp,keep drying it for 10-min cycles until the fabric(s) is dry to thetouch. Do not overdry
48、the fabric(s).8.2 Alternate Preparation of the Laboratory SamplingUnitThe alternate preparation of the laboratory samplingunit uses one cycle of washing and drying. This preconditionsthe laboratory sampling unit, raises the pile so it is not matteddown, and removes some chemicals. Other numbers of w
49、ash-ing and drying cycles, such as three or five, may be used. Thepurchaser and the supplier, however, must agree on the numberof washing and drying cycles. This procedure may cause morevariation in the test result than the procedure described in 8.1and it is not recommended for acceptance testing unless therehas been an agreement between the purchaser and the supplier.This procedure uses the equipment and the supplies describedin 6.6-6.8. The procedure is as follows:8.2.1 If fabric softener has recently been used in the washeror dryer, wash or dry or both a 3.
