1、Designation: D4788 03 (Reapproved 2013)Standard Test Method forDetecting Delaminations in Bridge Decks Using InfraredThermography1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4788; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revi
2、sion, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of delamina-tions in portland-cement concrete bridge decks
3、 using infraredthermography. This test method is intended for use on exposedand overlaid concrete bridge decks.1.2 A Precision and Bias statement has not been developedat this time. Therefore, this standard should not be used foracceptance or rejection of a material for purchasing purposes.NOTE 1Thi
4、s test method can be used on asphalt or concrete overlaysas thick as 4 in. (100 mm).1.3 This test method uses an imaging infrared scanner andvideo recorder, mounted on a vehicle, to detect delaminationsand debonded areas on bridge decks and to record theinformation.1.4 The values stated in inch-poun
5、d units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresp
6、onsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D4580 Practice for Measuring Delaminations in ConcreteBridge Decks by Sounding3. Summary of
7、 Test Method3.1 The vehicle-mounted infrared scanner and video re-corder is driven over the center of each lane of a bridge deck.The data from the scanner is recorded on video tape. Delami-nations appear as white or “hot areas on a gray or “coolerbackground in the video image on a monochrome scanner
8、system during daytime testing. During nighttime testing, thedelaminations will appear as dark or “cooler areas on a whiteor “warmer background. Delaminations will appear as thewarmer colors on color scanner systems during daytimetesting. Calibration of thermal anomalies using sounding tech-niques ar
9、e used to determine the colors associated withdelaminations.3.2 The conventional video image is used to edit theinfrared image and separate those patches or surface defectsthat may be present and may appear as hot areas.3.3 The video recording is used to map the delaminatedareas at a suitable scale.
10、4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method may be used in conjunction with othertest methods in determining the general condition of a bridgedeck.4.2 Areas indicated as delaminated on overlaid bridge decksmay be an indication of lack of bond between the overlay andthe underlying bridge deck. This t
11、est method may be used indetermining specific areas of delaminations requiring repair.5. Apparatus5.1 GeneralIn order to collect data on the areal extent andlocation of the delaminations, the following apparatus isrequired:5.1.1 Infrared Scanner An imaging infrared scanner hav-ing a minimum thermal
12、resolution of 0.2C under ambient airconditions. The scanner shall be mounted on the front of thevehicle at a height sufficient to allow a minimum image widthof 14 ft (4.3 m). The scanner shall be capable of producing atelevision-compatible image.5.1.2 Video Recorders capable of reproducing a thermal
13、image or a conventional video image. Each device shall have atleast one audio channel available and provide a minimumresolution of 240 lines per inch. Two are required.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Roadand Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Su
14、bcommittee D04.32 onBridges and Structures.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2013. Published November 2013. Originallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D4788 03 (2007).DOI: 10.1520/D4788-03R13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact A
15、STM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15.1.3 Video CameraAconventio
16、nal video camera capableof viewing a minimum image of 14 ft (4.3 m) and producing acolor video signal that can be recorded on a standard videorecorder.5.1.4 Distance Measuring Device having an accuracy of 63in. (76 mm) over the longest span in the deck. The output ofthis device shall be recorded by
17、both the infrared videorecorder and the conventional video recorder.5.1.5 Test Vehicle on which the imaging infrared scannerand video recorder will be mounted. The vehicle shall becapable of supporting the infrared scanner and the conventionalvideo camera at a height sufficient to allow a minimum wi
18、dthof 14 ft (4.3 m) of pavement to be observed at one time. Thevehicle shall be capable of supplying the necessary electricalpower required for the instrumentation.5.1.6 Contact Thermometer having a minimum temperatureresolution of Celsius degrees.6. Procedure6.1 Prior to the survey remove any debri
19、s that has accumu-lated on the deck.6.2 Dry the bridge deck for a minimum of 24 h prior to thetest.6.3 Collect data from one end of the bridge deck to the otherin a continuous fashion.6.4 For the delaminations to be identified by an imaginginfrared scanner, there must be a temperature difference, t,
20、between the delaminated or debonded area and the adjacentsolid concrete of at least 0.5C. Weather conditions mustinclude sunshine. A minimum of 3 h direct sunshine aregenerally sufficient to create a temperature difference of 0.5C.Establish the magnitude of tusing a contact thermometerhaving a minim
21、um resolution of 0.1C. Confirm thermalanomalies and the existence of delamination in the field usingcoring or sonic techniques as described in Practice D4580.Confirm coincidental surface defects in the field also.6.5 Do not test when the wind velocity exceeds 30 mph (50km/h).6.6 Take care when testi
22、ng or interpreting data, or both,from areas that are or have been shaded by adjacent structures,trees, overhead signs, and the like. Areas adjacent to barriersmay become too hot to provide accurate data due to eitherreflected heat or trapped hot air. It may be necessary to foregoinfrared thermograph
23、y testing in such areas.6.7 While data can be collected any time of the year, themagnitude of twill be smaller during the winter months, andmay preclude the testing of bridge decks. Testing shall not becarried out when ambient air temperatures are less than 32F(0C) as ice in delaminations will cause
24、 false readings. As aguide, an ambient temperature rise of 20F with4hofsunandwinds less than 15 mph (24 km/h), will allow accurate datacollection on portland-cement concrete surfaces during wintermonths. On asphalt covered decks, an ambient air temperaturerise of 20F with at least6hofsunandwinds les
25、s than 15 mph(24 km/h) are necessary for winter use of this procedure.6.8 Survey the entire bridge deck by making one pass perlane. When shoulder areas are wider than 3 ft (1 m) make aseparate pass along the shoulder.6.9 Collect data at speeds no greater than 10 mph (16 km/h).6.10 Should field confi
26、rmation of the existence of a delami-nated or debonded area be required, select a core location(s)during the inspection. Mark the location(s) for coring eitherduring the survey or subsequent to the infrared survey.7. Interpretation and Plotting of Results7.1 Plot the delaminations on a scaled plan o
27、f the bridgedeck using either a manual or a computerized process.7.2 Total the delaminated areas and present as a percentageof the total deck area in square feet (square metres).8. Report8.1 The report shall include the following information:8.1.1 Bridge location and description,8.1.2 Survey methods
28、 used and description thereof, includ-ing equipment used and the operators names,8.1.3 Data of test and environmental conditions,8.1.4 Scaled plan of the bridge deck showing the areas ofdelamination and debonding,8.1.5 Area of the bridge deck, ft2(m2) and the percentage ofthe area delaminated or deb
29、onded, and8.1.6 Location and condition of any cores taken.9. Precision and Bias9.1 It is not possible to specify the precision of the proce-dure in this test method for measuring delamination of bridgedecks because comparative data is not available. Repeatabilitystudies are available. Since a precis
30、ion statement for thisstandard has not been developed, this test method is to be usedfor research or informational purposes only. Therefore, thisstandard should not be used for acceptance or rejection of amaterial for purchasing purposes.NOTE 2Available data shows that infrared thermography can dete
31、ctbetween 80 and 90 % of the delaminations found in an exposed portland-cement concrete deck and 80 to 90 % of the delaminations in an asphaltoverlaid bridge deck.3,4,5Interoperator testing, using the same infrared scanner, hasshown that operators on the same bridge, on the same day, willdetect the
32、same areas of thermal anomaly. Interoperator evalu-ation of the collected data has shown a variation of 65%ofthe known square footage of delamination. Interoperator test-ing was carried out using 4 operators on two bridge decks, oneexposed concrete and one bituminous overlaid structure.10. Keywords1
33、0.1 bridge decks; infrared thermography3D. G. Manning, F. B. Holt, “Detecting Delaminations in Concrete BridgeDecks, Concrete International, Nov. 1980, pp. 34.41.4D. G. Manning, F. B. Hold, “Detecting Deterioration inAsphalt Covered BridgeDecks, Transportation Research Record 899 , TRB, pp. 1020.5B.
34、 W. Love, “The Detection of Delaminations in Reinforced Bridge DecksUsing Infrared Thermography, Indiana Department of Highways, June, 1986.D4788 03 (2013)2ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard
35、. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed
36、every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible te
37、chnical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshoh
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