1、Designation: D 4790 07Standard Terminology ofAromatic Hydrocarbons and Related Chemicals1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4790; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A numbe
2、r in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Referenced Documents1.1 ASTM Standards:2D 835 Specification for Refined Benzene-4853D 841 Specification for Nitration Grade TolueneD 843 Specificati
3、on for Nitration Grade XyleneD 846 Specification for Ten-Degree Xylene3D 847 Test Method for Acidity of Benzene, Toluene, Xy-lenes, Solvent Naphthas, and Similar Industrial AromaticHydrocarbonsD 848 Test Method for Acid Wash Color of IndustrialAromatic HydrocarbonsD 1015 Test Method for Freezing Poi
4、nts of High-PurityHydrocarbonsD 1016 Test Method for Purity of Hydrocarbons fromFreezing PointsD 1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD 1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (SpecificGravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and LiquidPetroleum Products by Hydrometer MethodD 1492 Test Method
5、 for Bromine Index of Aromatic Hy-drocarbons by Coulometric TitrationD 1840 Test Method for Naphthalene Hydrocarbons inAviation Turbine Fuels by Ultraviolet SpectrophotometryD 2031 Test Method for Reducing Substances in RefinedPyridine3D 2121 Test Methods for Polymer Content of StyreneMonomer and AM
6、S (aMethylstyrene)D 2147 Method of Test for Detection and Estimation ofWater-Insoluble Impurities in Refined Phenol by CloudPoint Depression3D 2269 Test Method for Evaluation of White Mineral Oilsby Ultraviolet AbsorptionD 2279 Discontinued 1982; Method of Test for Acid WashColor of Refined Naphthal
7、ene3D 2323 Specification for Refined Pyridine (1 Degree)3D 2359 Specification for Refined Benzene-535D 2403 Specification for Refined Phthalic Anhydride-1308D 2777 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias ofApplicable Test Methods of Committee D19 on WaterD 2827 Specification for Styrene Mon
8、omerD 2908 Practice for Measuring Volatile Organic Matter inWater by Aqueous-Injection Gas ChromatographyD 2935 Test Method for Apparent Density of IndustrialAromatic Hydrocarbons3D 3980 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of Paint andRelated Materials3D 4053 Test Method for Benzene in Motor and Av
9、iationGasoline by Infrared SpectroscopyD 4734 Specification for Refined Benzene-545E12 Terminology Relating to Density and Specific Gravityof Solids, Liquids, and Gases32. Terminologyabsorbance, nthe logarithm to the base 10 of the reciprocalof the relative transmittance, T, expressed as:A 5 log101/
10、T! 52log10T (1)D 1840, D 2269, D 4053; D02accuracy, nthe agreement between the mean of a series ofrepeated measurements of a property and the acceptedreference value of the property. D 3980; D01acidity, nthe number of milligrams of sodium hydroxideconsumed when 100 mL of the sample are titrated unde
11、r theconditions prescribed in this method. D 847; D16acid reaction, na characteristic of materials producing theacid-color of the indicator used under the conditions pre-scribed in this method. D 847; D16acid wash color, nthe color developed in the separated acidwhen a sample is agitated with sulfur
12、ic acid under thecondition prescribed in this method. D 848; D 2279; D16aldehydes, na broad class of organic compounds having ageneric formula RCHO, and characterized by a carbonylgroup.alkaline or basic reaction, na characteristic of the materialsproducing the alkalicolor of the indicator used unde
13、r the1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D16 onAromatic Hydrocarbons and Related Chemicals and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D16.05 on Editorial and Nomenclature.Current edition approved July 15, 2007. Published July 2007. Originallyapproved in 1988. Last prev
14、ious edition approved in 2004 as D 4790 99 (2004).The boldface designations refer to the original source of the definition and theASTM Technical Committee having jurisdiction.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For
15、 Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.conditions prescribed in this method. D 847; D16alpha-methyl
16、styrene, n2-phenylpropene (C9H10) molweight 119.16; colorless liquid; subject to polymerization byheat or catalysts; freezing point, 23.21C; boiling point,165.38C.apparent density, nthe density calculated when the pyc-nometer is calibrated with water, weighed in air, and whenthe sample is weighed in
17、 air and no air buoyancy correctionis used for either weighing, even though the density invacuum of water is used in calculating the apparent volumeof the pycnometer.apparent density at 60F, nthe weight in air of a unitvolume of sample at 60F; in this method, the weight is inpounds and the volume in
18、 U.S. liquid gallons.Average air inthis method is assumed to have a density of 0.0012 g/cm3.DISCUSSIONThis definition is not in conflict with that given in thecurrent version of Definitions E12. D 2935; D16aromatic hydrocarbon, nan organic chemical containing abenzene ring. Committee D16 scope inclu
19、des moncyclic andpolycyclic carbon-ring structures recovered or synthesizedform any source, and which are intended primarily for use assolvents or raw materials for chemical synthesisaromatic hydrocarbon derivatives and related chemicals,nCommittee D16 scope includes chemicals such as: cy-cloalkanes
20、 such as cyclohexane which are intended prima-rily for use in chemical synthesis; phenols, arylthiols, andtheir homologs; heterocyclics such as pyridine and quino-line; and other chemicals synthesized from ring structures.Excluded from the scope are paraffinic and olefinic hydro-carbons, and those a
21、romatic and cyclic aliphatic hydrocar-bons that are intended primarily for fuels and lubricants.at-line analysis, nanalytical procedure performed in a pro-cess environment using manually entered samples.benzene, ncyclohexatriene, benzol (obsolete) (C6H6) molweight 78.11; clear, colorless, highly fla
22、mmable liquid;characteristic odor; solidification point +5.5C; boiling point80.1C.benzene, carbon disulfide-free, nbenzene treated with al-coholic sodium hydroxide and used as a spectrophotometricreference standard.benzene-535, refined, nbenzene with impurities limited totrace amounts by a solidific
23、ation point of 5.35C and havinga total distillation range of no more than 1.0C. Refer toSpecification D 2359 for complete specifications.benzene-545, refined, nbenzene with impurities limited totrace amounts by a solidification point of 5.45C and havinga total distillation range of no more than 1C.
24、Refer toSpecification D 4734.benzene-485, refined (nitration grade), nbenzene withimpurities limited by a solidification point of 4.85C andhaving a total distillation range of no more than 1.0C. Referto Specification D 835 for complete specifications.benzene, thiophene-free, nbenzene refined by spec
25、ial treat-ment and used as a reagent in ASTM standards.bias, na persistent positive or negative deviation of a testmethod average value from the assumed or accepted truevalue. D 1129; D 2777; D19bromine index, nthe number of milligrams of bromineconsumed by 100 g of sample under given conditions.D 1
26、492; D16carbon disulfide (CS2), nmol weight 76.14; clear, colorless,flammable, volatile liquid; boiling point, 45.6C; freezingpoint, 111.6C.clear, nfree of turbidity.cloud point of phenol, nthe temperature at which a separatephase forms when a homogeneous solution of phenol inwater is allowed to coo
27、l at a prescribed rate from atemperature above that at which phase separation occurs. Itmay precisely be defined as follows: when a homogeneoussolution of phenol and water is allowed to cool at aprescribed rate with stirring, the solution will show a slightcloudiness or turbidity as the cloud point
28、is approached. Onfurther cooling, the cloudiness will increase rapidly and thethermometer bulb, which is centrally located in the test tube,will suddenly become invisible. The temperature at whichthe thermometer bulb becomes invisible is taken as the cloudpoint. D 2147; D16cloudy, nqualitative expre
29、ssion of turbidity.confidence limits, nthe limits on either side of the meanvalue of a group of observations which will, in a statedfraction or percent of the cases include the expected value.Thus the 95 % confidence limits are the values betweenwhich the population mean will be situated in 95 out o
30、f 100cases. D 3980; D01copper corrosion, na qualitative indication of reactiveimpurities in aromatic hydrocarbons. An iridescent, gray, orblack discoloration of polished copper strip is consideredcause for rejection.corrosive substance, nin Committee D16 Standards, mate-rial in industrial aromatic h
31、ydrocarbons that discolors ortarnishes polished copper.cresol(s), nmethyl phenol, hydroxymethyl benzene (C7H8O)mol weight 108.13; colorless, yellowish, brownish, yellow,or pinkish liquid; phenolic odor. Three isomeric cresolsexist.cresylic acids, ncommercial mixtures of phenolic materialswhich may i
32、nclude phenol, cresols, xylenols, and otheralkylated phenols.cumene, n(C9H12) mol weight 120.19; clear, flammableliquid; melting point, 96.0C; boiling point, 152.4C.cyclohexane-995, ncyclohexane with a purity of 99.5weight % minimum determined by analysis by gas chroma-tography. Refer to proposed sp
33、ecifications for completerequirements.degrees of freedom, nthe number of observations minus thenumber of constraints imposed upon the system. In general,only one constraint (for example, the mean value) is imposedand the total degrees of freedom are one less than the numberD4790072of observations. D
34、 3980; D01density in air, nthe weight per unit volume in vacuum minusthe weight of a volume of air equal to the difference betweenthe volume of the sample and the volume of brass weightsequivalent to weight in vacuum of the sample.dry point temperature, nthe temperature observed imme-diately after t
35、he liquid just disappears from the bottom of theflask during a distillation test.ethylbenzene (C8H10), nmol weight 106.16; clear, colorless,flammable liquid; freezing point, 94.97C; boiling point,136C.evaporation residue, nthe nonvolatile impurities remainingafter vaporizing a substance.freezing poi
36、nt, nthe temperature at which the liquid andsolid states of a substance are in equilibrium at a givenpressure (usually atmospheric). For pure substances it isidentical with the melting point of the solid form. Lange,10th Ed.4homologues of phenol, ncompounds of the phenol serieswhose structure differ
37、s regularly by some radical (for ex-ample, -CH3) from that of its adjacent neighbor in the series.Also cresols and xylenols.hydrogen sulfide (H2S), nmol weight 34.08; flammable,poisonous gas with characteristic odor of rotten eggs.industrial grade, na quality of aromatic hydrocarbonssuitable for man
38、y industrial applications that have a toler-ance for nonreactive impurities.DISCUSSIONThe classification covers intermediate levels of puritythat may vary over a wide range for different materials.inhibitor, na substance added to a material to retard orprevent deterioration.initial boiling point, nt
39、he temperature observed immedi-ately after the first drop of distillate falls into the receivingcylinder during a distillation test.isopropylbenzenesee cumene.internal standard, na compound of known behavior addedto a sample to facilitate the analysis. D 2908; D19ketones, na class of organic compoun
40、ds possessing a car-bonyl group attached to two hydrocarbon groups.Acetone isthe first member of this series.meta-xylene, n1,3-dimethylbenzene (C8H10) mol weight106.16; clear, colorless, flammable liquid; freezingpoint, 47.87C; boiling point, 139.3C.mixed xylenes, na mixture of C8aromatics including
41、m-xylene, o-xylene, and p-xylene. Industry convention in-cludes ethyl benzene as a mixed xylene though ethylbenzene is not technically a xylene. Styrene is excluded.moisture, atmospheric, nambient humidity that may beabsorbed by hygroscopic material during sampling andtesting and may lead to erroneo
42、us results.molten state, nthe liquid phase of a solid substance existingabove its melting point temperature.naphtha, aromatic solvent, na concentrate of aromatichydrocarbons including C8,C9and C10homologs.DISCUSSIONDistillation end point of individual grades varies be-tween 155 and 220C to provide a
43、 range of volatility and solvencycharacteristics. Color of solvents is water-white to dark red dependingon refining treatment.naphthalene (C10H6), nmol weight 128.16; monoclinicprismatic plates; commercially available as white scales,powder, balls, or cakes; odor of moth balls; solidificationpoint,
44、80.1C; sublimes above melting point.nonaromatic hydrocarbons, none or more types of hydro-carbons identified as paraffins, cycloparaffins (naphthenes),and olefins. Generally, the saturated types, paraffins andcycloparaffins, constitute the impurities in the commercialgrades of aromatic hydrocarbons.
45、nonvolatile matter, nthe oily, gummy, or resinous residueremaining after evaporating volatile hydrocarbon materials.on-line analysis, nanalytical procedure performed in aprocess environment using automatic or continuous sam-pling.ortho-xylene, n1,2-dimethylbenzene (C8H10) mol weight106.16; clear, co
46、lorless, flammable liquid; freezingpoint, 25.18C; boiling point, 144C.para-xylene, n1,4-dimethylbenzene (C8H10) mol weight106.16; clear, colorless, flammable liquid; freezing point,13.26C; boiling point, 137 to 138C.peroxides, na class of oxygen-containing compounds pos-sessing a peroxyl-functional
47、group. Hydrogen peroxide isthe lowest member of this series.phenol, nhydroxy benzene, carbolic acid (C6H5OH) molweight 94.11; colorless acicular crystals or white crystallinemass; characteristic odor; solidification point, 40.85C; boil-ing point, 182C.phthalic anhydride, nanhydride of phthalic acid
48、(C8H4O3)mol weight 148.11; white lustrous needles; odorless; solidi-fication point, 130.8C; boiling point, 295C; sublimes.phthalic anhydride-1308, refined, nphthalic anhydridewith impurities limited to ultra trace amounts as indicated bya solidification point of 130.8C minimum refined to im-prove co
49、lor characteristics. Refer to Specification D 2403 forcomplete specifications.platinum-cobalt color, ncolor measured in reference tocolor standards prepared with solutions of cobalt chlorideand potassium chloroplatinate. Color standards are identicalwith the description given in APHA publications5and isreferred to as “APHA Color.”polymer(s), na large molecule formed by the chemicalunion of reactive units called monomers.DISCUSSIONFor Test Method D 2121, polymers of styrene are th
