1、Designation: D4809 09aStandard Test Method forHeat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by BombCalorimeter (Precision Method)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4809; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of rev
2、ision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method
3、covers the determination of the heat ofcombustion of hydrocarbon fuels. It is designed specifically foruse with aviation turbine fuels when the permissible differencebetween duplicate determinations is of the order of 0.2 %. Itcan be used for a wide range of volatile and nonvolatilematerials where s
4、lightly greater differences in precision can betolerated.1.2 In order to attain this precision, strict adherence to alldetails of the procedure is essential since the error contributedby each individual measurement that affects the precision shallbe kept below 0.04 %, insofar as possible.1.3 Under n
5、ormal conditions, the test method is directlyapplicable to such fuels as gasolines, kerosines, Nos. 1 and 2fuel oil, Nos. 1-D and 2-D diesel fuel and Nos. 0-GT, 1-GT,and 2-GT gas turbine fuels.1.4 Through the improvement of the calorimeter controlsand temperature measurements, the precision is impro
6、ved overthat of Test Method D240.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address the safetyconcerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this
7、standard to establish appropriate safety andhealth practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, seeSection 7, 10.6, A1.7.1 and Annex A3.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (G
8、en-eral Bomb Method)D240 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of LiquidHydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb CalorimeterD1018 Test Method for Hydrogen In Petroleum FractionsD1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products(Lamp Method)D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum
9、 Products byWavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD3120 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in LightLiquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcou-lometryD3701 Test Method for Hydrogen Content of AviationTurbine Fuels by Low Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Reso-nance Spectrome
10、tryD4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and PetroleumProducts by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-trometryD5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur inLight Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, DieselEngine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet FluorescenceE1 Specification
11、for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE144 Practice for Safe Use of Oxygen Combustion BombsE200 Practice for Preparation, Standardization, and Storageof Standard and Reagent Solutions for Chemical Analysis3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 gross heat of combustionexpressed as megajoulesper kilogram.
12、 The gross heat of combustion at constant volumeof a liquid or solid fuel containing only the elements carbon,hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur is the quantity of heatliberated when a unit mass of the fuel is burned in oxygen inan enclosure of constant volume, the products of combustionbeing ga
13、seous carbon dioxide, nitrogen, sulfur dioxide, andliquid water, with the initial temperature of the fuel and the1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.05 on Properties of Fuels, Petrol
14、eum Coke and Carbon Material.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2009. Published November 2009. Originallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D480909. DOI:10.1520/D4809-09a.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at
15、serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,
16、 United States.oxygen and the final temperature of the products at 25C.Gross heat of combustion (see Note 1) is represented by thesymbol Qg.3NOTE 1Users of this test method desiring to calculate D H for a purecompound should note that corrections must be applied to the value of Qgfor buoyancy of air
17、, heat capacities of reaction components, reduction toa constant-pressure process, and deviations of the reaction from thethermodynamic standard state. In any comparison of measurements onpure compounds with those cited in these compilations3, the user of thistest method should realize that impuriti
18、es of various kinds, includingwater and foreign hydrocarbons may cause significant effects on thevalues obtained for particular samples of material.3.1.2 net heat of combustionexpressed as megajoules perkilogram. The net heat of combustion at constant pressure of aliquid or a solid fuel containing o
19、nly the elements carbon,hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur is the quantity of heatliberated when a unit mass of the fuel is burned in oxygen at aconstant pressure of 0.101 MPa, the products of combustionbeing carbon dioxide, nitrogen, sulfur dioxide, and water, all inthe gaseous state, with the
20、initial temperature of the fuel andthe oxygen and the final temperature of the products ofcombustion at 25C. The net heat of combustion4,5is repre-sented by the symbol Qnand is related to the gross heat ofcombustion by the following equation:Qnnet, 25C!5Qggross, 25C!20.2122 3 H (1)where:Qn(net, 25C)
21、 = net heat of combustion at constantpressure, MJ/kg,Qg(gross, 25C) = gross heat of combustion at constantvolume, MJ/kg, andH = mass % of hydrogen in the sample.3.1.3 energy equivalent (effective heat capacity or waterequivalent)the energy equivalent of the calorimeter ex-pressed as joules per degre
22、e Celsius, J/C.NOTE 2The energy equivalent may be expressed in any energy unitand any temperature unit so long as the value is used consistentlythroughout the calculations.3.2 Units:3.2.1 Temperatures are measured in degrees Celsius.3.2.2 Time is expressed in minutes and decimal fractionsthereof. It
23、 can be measured in minutes or seconds, or both.3.2.3 Masses are measured in grams. No buoyancy correc-tions are applied except to obtain the mass of benzoic acid.3.2.4 The energy unit of measurement employed in this testmethod is the joule with the heat of combustion reported inmegajoules per kilog
24、ram (Note 3).1 MJ/kg 5 1000 J/g (2)NOTE 3In SI the unit of heat of combustion has the dimension J/kg,but for practical use a multiple is more convenient. The MJ/kg iscustomarily used for the representation of heats of combustion ofpetroleum fuels.3.2.5 The following relationships may be used for con
25、vert-ing to other units:1 cal (International Table calorie) = 4.1868 JA1 Btu (British thermal unit) = 1055.06 J1 cal (I.T.)/g = 0.0041868 MJ/kgA1 Btu/lb = 0.002326 MJ/kgA1 atm = 0.101325 MPaAConversion factor is exact.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The heat of combustion is determined by burning aweig
26、hed sample in an oxygen-bomb calorimeter under con-trolled conditions. The temperature increase is measured by atemperature reading instrument which allows the precision ofthe test method to be met. The heat of combustion is calculatedfrom temperature observations before, during, and after com-busti
27、on, with proper allowance for thermochemical and heat-transfer corrections. Either isoperibol or adiabatic calorimetersmay be used.5. Significance and Use5.1 The heat of combustion is a measure of the energyavailable from a fuel. A knowledge of this value is essentialwhen considering the thermal eff
28、iciency of equipment forproducing either power or heat.5.2 The mass heat of combustion, that is, the heat ofcombustion per unit mass of fuel, is measured by this proce-dure. Its magnitude is particularly important to weight-limitedvehicles such as airplanes, surface effect vehicles, and hydro-foils
29、as the distance such craft can travel on a given weight offuel is a direct function of the fuels mass heat of combustionand its density.5.3 The volumetric heat of combustion, that is, the heat ofcombustion per unit volume of fuel, can be calculated bymultiplying the mass heat of combustion by the de
30、nsity of thefuel (mass per unit volume). The volumetric heat of combus-tion, rather than the mass heat of combustion, is important tovolume-limited craft such as automobiles and ships, as it isdirectly related to the distance traveled between refuelings.6. Apparatus6.1 Test Room, Bomb, Calorimeter,
31、Jacket, Thermometers,and Accessories, as described in Annex A1.6.2 Semimicro Analytical Balance, having a sensitivity of0.01 mg as specified in 10.5.1.6.3 Heavy-Duty Analytical Balance, having a sensitivity of0.05 g as specified in 10.7.2.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent grade
32、chemicals shall beused in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended thatall reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Commit-tee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society,3Prosen, E. J., “ Experimental Thermochemistry.” F. D. Rossini, editor, Inter-science Publish
33、ers, 1956, pp. 129148. Reliable values for heats of combustion ofpure compounds are given in National Bureau of Standards Circular C-461,“Selected Values of Properties of Hydrocarbons” (U.S. Government Printing Office,Washington, DC, 1947) and in F. D. Rossini, et al, “Selected Values of Physical an
34、dThermodynamic Properties of Hydrocarbons and Related Compounds,” CarnegiePress, Pittsburgh, PA, 1953. These compilations were prepared by F. D. Rossini, etal, as part of American Petroleum Institute Research Project 44.4Supporting data (derivation of equations) have been filed at ASTM Interna-tiona
35、l Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1346.5Jessup, R. S., “Precise Measurement of Heat of Combustion with a BombCalorimeter,” NBS Monograph 7, U.S. Government Printing Office.D4809 09a2where such specifications are available.6Other grades may beused, provided it is
36、 first ascertained that the reagent is ofsufficiently high purity to permit its use without lessening theaccuracy of the determination.7.2 Purity of WaterUnless otherwise indicated, referencesto water shall be understood to mean reagent water conformingto Specification D1193, Type IV or better.7.3 B
37、enzoic Acid7The acid must be pelleted before use.7.4 Firing Wire0.127 mm (No. 36 gage) platinum wire,No.34B bomb calorimeter; heat of com-bustion; hydrocarbon fuelsANNEXES(Mandatory Information)A1. APPARATUS FOR HEAT OF COMBUSTION TESTA1.1 Test RoomA1.1.1 The room in which the calorimeter is operate
38、d mustbe free from drafts and not subject to sudden temperaturechanges. The exact temperature is not important as long as it isin the range from 23 to 26C and is held constant. Thetemperature must be constant, not only throughout the day, butfrom one time of the year to another. The direct rays of t
39、he sunshall not strike the calorimeter jacket, bridge, and galvanom-eter. Adequate facilities for lighting, heating, and ventilationshould be provided. Thermostatic control of room temperatureand controlled humidity are desirable.A1.2 Oxygen BombA1.2.1 The oxygen bomb shall meet the requirementsspec
40、ified in Practice E144 and have an internal volume of 3506 50 mL. All parts shall be constructed of materials that arenot affected by the combustion process or products sufficient tointroduce measurable heat input or alteration of end products.If the bomb is lined with platinum or gold, all openings
41、 shall besealed to prevent combustion products from reaching the basemetal. The bomb must be designed so that all liquid combus-tion products can be completely recovered by washing theinner surfaces. There must be no gas leakage during a test. Thebomb must be capable of withstanding a hydrostatic pr
42、essuretest to a gage pressure of 20.7 MPa at room temperaturewithout stressing any part beyond its elastic limit.13If neces-sary, modify the bomb such that the feet are 12 mm high toallow for better water circulation under the bomb.A1.3 Calorimeter BucketA1.3.1 The calorimeter bucket shall be made o
43、f metal(preferably copper or brass) with a tarnish-resistant coating,and with all outer surfaces highly polished. Its size shall besuch that the bomb will be completely immersed in water whenthe calorimeter is assembled. It shall have a device for stirringthe water thoroughly and at a uniform rate b
44、ut with minimumheat input. Continuous stirring for 10 min shall not raise thetemperature more than 0.01C starting with identical tempera-tures in the calorimeter, room, and jacket. The immersedportion of the stirrer shall be coupled to the outside through amaterial of a low-heat conductivity.A1.4 Ja
45、cketA1.4.1 The calorimeter bomb, bucket, and water shall becompletely enclosed within a stirred water jacket and sup-ported so that its sides, top, and bottom are approximately 1 cmfrom the jacket walls. The jacket may be arranged so as toremain at a constant temperature, or with provisions forautom
46、atically adjusting the jacket temperature to equal that ofthe calorimeter bomb, bucket, and water for adiabatic opera-tion. It must be constructed so that any water evaporating fromthe jacket will not condense on the calorimeter bucket.14A1.5 ThermometersA1.5.1 Temperatures in the jacket and the cal
47、orimeter,respectively, shall be measured with the following thermom-eters:A1.5.1.1 Etched stem, liquid-in-glass, ASTM Bomb Calo-rimeter Thermometers, having a range from 19 to 35C, 18.9 to25.1C, or 23.9 to 30.1C as specified, and conforming to the13The oxygen bomb, Parr No. 1108 or equivalent, avail
48、able from Parr InstrumentCo., 211 Fifty-third St., Moline, IL 61265. If you are aware of alternative suppliers,please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your com-ments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technicalcommittee,1which you may atten
49、d.14The Calorimeter Jacket, Parr No. 1261 or equivalent, available from ParrInstrument Co., meets the specification requirements. If you are aware of alternativesuppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsibletechnical committee,1which you may attend.D4809 09a7requirements for Thermometer 56C, 116C, or 117C, respec-tively, as prescribed in Specification E1. Each of these ther-mometers shall have been tested for accuracy at intervals nolarger than
