1、Designation: D4809 09a1Standard Test Method forHeat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by BombCalorimeter (Precision Method)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4809; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of re
2、vision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1NOTECorrected footnote refer
3、ence in 11.4 editorially in November 2012.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determination of the heat ofcombustion of hydrocarbon fuels. It is designed specifically foruse with aviation turbine fuels when the permissible differencebetween duplicate determinations is of the order of 0.2 %. Itc
4、an be used for a wide range of volatile and nonvolatilematerials where slightly greater differences in precision can betolerated.1.2 In order to attain this precision, strict adherence to alldetails of the procedure is essential since the error contributedby each individual measurement that affects
5、the precision shallbe kept below 0.04 %, insofar as possible.1.3 Under normal conditions, the test method is directlyapplicable to such fuels as gasolines, kerosines, Nos. 1 and 2fuel oil, Nos. 1-D and 2-D diesel fuel and Nos. 0-GT, 1-GT,and 2-GT gas turbine fuels.1.4 Through the improvement of the
6、calorimeter controlsand temperature measurements, the precision is improved overthat of Test Method D240.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address the safetyconcerns, if an
7、y, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety andhealth practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, seeSection 7, 10.6, A1.7.1 and Annex A3.2. Referenced Documents
8、2.1 ASTM Standards:2D129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-eral High Pressure Decomposition Device Method)D240 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hy-drocarbon Fuels by Bomb CalorimeterD1018 Test Method for Hydrogen In Petroleum FractionsD1193 Specification for Reagent Water
9、D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (LampMethod)D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byWavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD3120 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in LightLiquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcou-lometryD3701 Test Meth
10、od for Hydrogen Content of AviationTurbine Fuels by Low Resolution Nuclear MagneticResonance SpectrometryD4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and PetroleumProducts by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-trometryD5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur inLight Hydrocarbons, Spar
11、k Ignition Engine Fuel, DieselEngine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet FluorescenceE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE144 Practice for Safe Use of Oxygen Combustion BombsE200 Practice for Preparation, Standardization, and Storageof Standard and Reagent Solutions for Chemical An
12、alysis3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 gross heat of combustionexpressed as megajoulesper kilogram. The gross heat of combustion at constant volume1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
13、D02.05 on Properties of Fuels, Petroleum Coke and Carbon Material.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2009. Published November 2009. Originallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D480909. DOI:10.1520/D4809-09a.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org
14、, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700
15、, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1of a liquid or solid fuel containing only the elements carbon,hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur is the quantity of heatliberated when a unit mass of the fuel is burned in oxygen inan enclosure of constant volume, the products of combustionbeing
16、gaseous carbon dioxide, nitrogen, sulfur dioxide, andliquid water, with the initial temperature of the fuel and theoxygen and the final temperature of the products at 25C.Gross heat of combustion (see Note 1) is represented by thesymbol Qg.3NOTE 1Users of this test method desiring to calculate H for
17、 a purecompound should note that corrections must be applied to the value of Qgfor buoyancy of air, heat capacities of reaction components, reduction toa constant-pressure process, and deviations of the reaction from thethermodynamic standard state. In any comparison of measurements onpure compounds
18、 with those cited in these compilations3, the user of thistest method should realize that impurities of various kinds, includingwater and foreign hydrocarbons may cause significant effects on thevalues obtained for particular samples of material.3.1.2 net heat of combustionexpressed as megajoules pe
19、rkilogram. The net heat of combustion at constant pressure of aliquid or a solid fuel containing only the elements carbon,hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur is the quantity of heatliberated when a unit mass of the fuel is burned in oxygen at aconstant pressure of 0.101 MPa, the products of combu
20、stionbeing carbon dioxide, nitrogen, sulfur dioxide, and water, all inthe gaseous state, with the initial temperature of the fuel andthe oxygen and the final temperature of the products ofcombustion at 25C. The net heat of combustion4,5is repre-sented by the symbol Qnand is related to the gross heat
21、 ofcombustion by the following equation:Qnnet, 25C! 5 Qggross, 25C! 2 0.2122 3H (1)where:Qn(net, 25C) = net heat of combustion at constantpressure, MJ/kg,Qg(gross, 25C) = gross heat of combustion at constantvolume, MJ/kg, andH = mass % of hydrogen in the sample.3.1.3 energy equivalent (effective hea
22、t capacity or waterequivalent) the energy equivalent of the calorimeter ex-pressed as joules per degree Celsius, J/C.NOTE 2The energy equivalent may be expressed in any energy unitand any temperature unit so long as the value is used consistentlythroughout the calculations.3.2 Units:3.2.1 Temperatur
23、es are measured in degrees Celsius.3.2.2 Time is expressed in minutes and decimal fractionsthereof. It can be measured in minutes or seconds, or both.3.2.3 Masses are measured in grams. No buoyancy correc-tions are applied except to obtain the mass of benzoic acid.3.2.4 The energy unit of measuremen
24、t employed in this testmethod is the joule with the heat of combustion reported inmegajoules per kilogram (Note 3).1 MJ/kg 5 1000 J/g (2)NOTE 3In SI the unit of heat of combustion has the dimension J/kg,but for practical use a multiple is more convenient. The MJ/kg iscustomarily used for the represe
25、ntation of heats of combustion ofpetroleum fuels.3.2.5 The following relationships may be used for convert-ing to other units:1 cal (International Table calorie) = 4.1868 JA1 Btu (British thermal unit) = 1055.06 J1 cal (I.T.)/g = 0.0041868 MJ/kgA1 Btu/lb = 0.002326 MJ/kgA1 atm = 0.101325 MPaAConvers
26、ion factor is exact.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The heat of combustion is determined by burning aweighed sample in an oxygen-bomb calorimeter under con-trolled conditions. The temperature increase is measured by atemperature reading instrument which allows the precision ofthe test method to be met.
27、 The heat of combustion is calculatedfrom temperature observations before, during, and aftercombustion, with proper allowance for thermochemical andheat-transfer corrections. Either isoperibol or adiabatic calo-rimeters may be used.5. Significance and Use5.1 The heat of combustion is a measure of th
28、e energyavailable from a fuel. A knowledge of this value is essentialwhen considering the thermal efficiency of equipment forproducing either power or heat.5.2 The mass heat of combustion, that is, the heat ofcombustion per unit mass of fuel, is measured by this proce-dure. Its magnitude is particul
29、arly important to weight-limitedvehicles such as airplanes, surface effect vehicles, and hydro-foils as the distance such craft can travel on a given weight offuel is a direct function of the fuels mass heat of combustionand its density.5.3 The volumetric heat of combustion, that is, the heat ofcomb
30、ustion per unit volume of fuel, can be calculated bymultiplying the mass heat of combustion by the density of thefuel (mass per unit volume). The volumetric heat ofcombustion, rather than the mass heat of combustion, isimportant to volume-limited craft such as automobiles andships, as it is directly
31、 related to the distance traveled betweenrefuelings.6. Apparatus6.1 Test Room, Bomb, Calorimeter, Jacket, Thermometers,and Accessories, as described in Annex A1.6.2 Semimicro Analytical Balance, having a sensitivity of0.01 mg as specified in 10.5.1.3Prosen, E. J., “Experimental Thermochemistry.” F.
32、D. Rossini, editor, Inter-science Publishers, 1956, pp. 129148. Reliable values for heats of combustion ofpure compounds are given in National Bureau of Standards Circular C-461,“Selected Values of Properties of Hydrocarbons” (U.S. Government Printing Office,Washington, DC, 1947) and in F. D. Rossin
33、i, et al, “Selected Values of Physical andThermodynamic Properties of Hydrocarbons and Related Compounds,” CarnegiePress, Pittsburgh, PA, 1953. These compilations were prepared by F. D. Rossini, etal, as part of American Petroleum Institute Research Project 44.4Supporting data (derivation of equatio
34、ns) have been filed at ASTM Interna-tional Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1346.5Jessup, R. S., “Precise Measurement of Heat of Combustion with a BombCalorimeter,” NBS Monograph 7, U.S. Government Printing Office.D4809 09a126.3 Heavy-Duty Analytical Balance, hav
35、ing a sensitivity of0.05 g as specified in 10.7.2.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent grade chemicals shall beused in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended thatall reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Commit-tee on Analytical Reagents of the American
36、 Chemical Society,where such specifications are available.6Other grades may beused, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is ofsufficiently high purity to permit its use without lessening theaccuracy of the determination.7.2 Purity of WaterUnless otherwise indicated, referencesto water s
37、hall be understood to mean reagent water conformingto Specification D1193, Type IV or better.7.3 Benzoic Acid7The acid must be pelleted before use.7.4 Firing Wire0.127 mm (No. 36 gage) platinum wire,No.34B bomb calorimeter; heat of com-bustion; hydrocarbon fuelsANNEXES(Mandatory Information)A1. APPA
38、RATUS FOR HEAT OF COMBUSTION TESTA1.1 Test RoomA1.1.1 The room in which the calorimeter is operated mustbe free from drafts and not subject to sudden temperaturechanges. The exact temperature is not important as long as it isin the range from 23 to 26C and is held constant. Thetemperature must be co
39、nstant, not only throughout the day, butfrom one time of the year to another. The direct rays of the sunshall not strike the calorimeter jacket, bridge, and galvanom-eter. Adequate facilities for lighting, heating, and ventilationshould be provided. Thermostatic control of room temperatureand contro
40、lled humidity are desirable.A1.2 Oxygen BombA1.2.1 The oxygen bomb shall meet the requirementsspecified in Practice E144 and have an internal volume of 3506 50 mL. All parts shall be constructed of materials that arenot affected by the combustion process or products sufficient tointroduce measurable
41、 heat input or alteration of end products.If the bomb is lined with platinum or gold, all openings shall besealed to prevent combustion products from reaching the basemetal. The bomb must be designed so that all liquid combus-tion products can be completely recovered by washing theinner surfaces. Th
42、ere must be no gas leakage during a test. Thebomb must be capable of withstanding a hydrostatic pressuretest to a gage pressure of 20.7 MPa at room temperaturewithout stressing any part beyond its elastic limit.13Ifnecessary, modify the bomb such that the feet are 12 mm highto allow for better water
43、 circulation under the bomb.A1.3 Calorimeter BucketA1.3.1 The calorimeter bucket shall be made of metal(preferably copper or brass) with a tarnish-resistant coating,and with all outer surfaces highly polished. Its size shall besuch that the bomb will be completely immersed in water whenthe calorimet
44、er is assembled. It shall have a device for stirringthe water thoroughly and at a uniform rate but with minimumheat input. Continuous stirring for 10 min shall not raise thetemperature more than 0.01C starting with identical tempera-tures in the calorimeter, room, and jacket. The immersedportion of
45、the stirrer shall be coupled to the outside through amaterial of a low-heat conductivity.A1.4 JacketA1.4.1 The calorimeter bomb, bucket, and water shall becompletely enclosed within a stirred water jacket and sup-ported so that its sides, top, and bottom are approximately 1 cm12Supporting data have
46、been filed at ASTM Headquarters and may be obtainedby requesting RR:D02-1229. The precision and bias values in this statement weredetermined in a cooperative laboratory program that follows RR:D02-1007.13The oxygen bomb, Parr No. 1108 or equivalent, available from Parr InstrumentCo., 211 Fifty-third
47、 St., Moline, IL 61265. If you are aware of alternative suppliers,please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your com-ments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technicalcommittee,1which you may attend.D4809 09a17from the jacket walls. The jacke
48、t may be arranged so as toremain at a constant temperature, or with provisions forautomatically adjusting the jacket temperature to equal that ofthe calorimeter bomb, bucket, and water for adiabatic opera-tion. It must be constructed so that any water evaporating fromthe jacket will not condense on
49、the calorimeter bucket.14A1.5 ThermometersA1.5.1 Temperatures in the jacket and the calorimeter,respectively, shall be measured with the following thermom-eters:A1.5.1.1 Etched stem, liquid-in-glass, ASTM Bomb Calo-rimeter Thermometers, having a range from 19 to 35C, 18.9 to25.1C, or 23.9 to 30.1C as specified, and conforming to therequirements for Thermometer 56C, 116C, or 117C,respectively, as prescribed in Specification E1. Each of thesethermometers shall have been tested for accuracy at intervalsno larger than 1.5C over the entire graduated sc
