1、Designation: D 4814 09An American National StandardStandard Specification forAutomotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4814; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、 of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers the es
3、tablishment of require-ments of automotive fuels for ground vehicles equipped withspark-ignition engines.1.2 This specification describes various characteristics ofautomotive fuels for use over a wide range of operatingconditions. It provides for a variation of the volatility and watertolerance of a
4、utomotive fuel in accordance with seasonalclimatic changes at the locality where the fuel is used. For theperiod May 1 through Sept. 15, the maximum vapor pressurelimits issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) are specified for each geographical area except Alaskaand Hawaii. Variatio
5、n of the antiknock index with seasonalclimatic changes and altitude is discussed in Appendix X1.This specification neither necessarily includes all types of fuelsthat are satisfactory for automotive vehicles, nor necessarilyexcludes fuels that can perform unsatisfactorily under certainoperating cond
6、itions or in certain equipment. The significanceof each of the properties of this specification is shown inAppendix X1.1.3 The spark-ignition engine fuels covered in this specifi-cation are gasoline and its blends with oxygenates, such asalcohols and ethers. This specification does not apply to fuel
7、sthat contain an oxygenate as the primary component, such asFuel Methanol (M85). The concentrations and types of oxy-genates are not specifically limited in this specification. How-ever, depending on oxygenate type, as oxygenate contentincreases above some threshold level, the likelihood for vehicle
8、problems also increases. The composition of both unleaded andleaded fuel is limited by economic, legal, and technicalconsideration, but their properties, including volatility, aredefined by this specification. In addition, the composition ofunleaded fuel is subject to the rules, regulations, and Cle
9、an AirAct waivers of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency(EPA). With regard to fuel properties, including volatility, thisspecification can be more or less restrictive than the EPA rules,regulations, and waivers. Refer toAppendix X3 for discussionsof EPA rules relating to fuel volatility, lead a
10、nd phosphorouscontents, deposit control additive certification, and use ofoxygenates in blends with unleaded gasoline. Contact the EPAfor the latest versions of the rules and additional requirements.1.4 This specification does not address the emission char-acteristics of reformulated spark-ignition
11、engine fuel. Refor-mulated spark-ignition engine fuel is required in some areas tolower emissions from automotive vehicles, and its character-istics are described in the research report on reformulatedspark-ignition engine fuel.2However, in addition to the legalrequirements found in this research re
12、port, reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel should meet the performance requirementsfound in this specification.1.5 This specification represents a description of automotivefuel as of the date of publication. The specification is undercontinuous review, which can result in revisions based onchange
13、s in fuel, automotive requirements, or test methods, or acombination thereof. All users of this specification, therefore,should refer to the latest edition.NOTE 1If there is any doubt as to the latest edition of SpecificationD 4814, contact ASTM International Headquarters.1.6 Tests applicable to gas
14、oline are not necessarily appli-cable to its blends with oxygenates. Consequently, the type offuel under consideration must first be identified in order toselect applicable tests. Test Method D 4815 provides a proce-dure for determining oxygenate concentration in mass percent.Test Method D 4815 also
15、 includes procedures for calculatingmass oxygen content and oxygenate concentration in volumepercent. Appendix X4 provides a procedure for calculating themass oxygen content of a fuel using measured oxygenate type,oxygenate concentration in volume percent, and measureddensity or relative density of
16、the fuel.1.7 The following applies to all specified limits in thisstandard: For purposes of determining conformance with thesespecifications, an observed value or a calculated value shall berounded “to the nearest unit” in the right-most significant digitused in expressing the specification limit, i
17、n accordance withthe rounding method of Practice E29. For a specification limitexpressed as an integer, a trailing zero is significant only if the1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD0
18、2.A0.01 on Gasoline and Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends.Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2009. Published February 2009. Originallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D 481408b.2Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Rese
19、arch Report RR:D02-1347.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.decimal point is specified. For a specified limit expressed as aninteger, and the right-most di
20、git is non-zero, the right-mostdigit is significant without a decimal point being specified. Thisconvention applies to specified limits in Tables 1, 3, and TableX8.1, and it will not be observed in the remainder of thisspecification.1.8 The values stated in SI units are the standard, exceptwhen othe
21、r units are specified by federal regulation. Valuesgiven in parentheses are provided for information only.NOTE 2Many of the values shown in Table 1 were originallydeveloped using U.S. customary units and were subsequently soft-converted to SI values. As a result, conversion of the SI values willsome
22、times differ slightly from the U.S. customary values shown becauseof round-off. In some cases, federal regulations specify non-SI units.1.9 The following safety hazard caveat pertains only to thetest method portion, Annex A1, of this specification. Thisstandard does not purport to address all of the
23、 safety concerns,if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the userof this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthpractices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-tions prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D86 Test Method for Distillati
24、on of Petroleum Products atAtmospheric PressureD 130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper fromPetroleum Products by Copper Strip TestD 287 Test Method forAPI Gravity of Crude Petroleum andPetroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)D 381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by JetEvaporationD 439 Speci
25、fication for Automotive Gasoline4D 525 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Gasoline(Induction Period Method)D 1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products(Lamp Method)D 1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (SpecificGravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and LiquidPetroleum Pro
26、ducts by Hydrometer MethodD 2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byWavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD2699 Test Method for Research Octane Number ofSpark-Ignition Engine FuelD 2700 Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine FuelD 2885 Test Method for
27、 Determination of Octane Numberof Spark-Ignition Engine Fuels by On-Line Direct Com-parison TechniqueD 3120 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in LightLiquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcou-lometryD 3231 Test Method for Phosphorus in GasolineD 3237 Test Method for Lead in Gasoli
28、ne by AtomicAbsorption SpectroscopyD 3341 Test Method for Lead in GasolineIodineMonochloride MethodD 4052 Test Method for Density and Relative Density ofLiquids by Digital Density MeterD 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD 4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Pet
29、roleum andPetroleum Products3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Withdrawn.TABLE 1 Vapor Pressure
30、 and Distillation Class RequirementsAVapor Pressure/Distillation ClassVaporPressure,Bmax, kPa (psi)Distillation Temperatures, C (F), at % Evaporated. maxCDistillationResidue,volume %,maxDriveability Index,Dmax, C (F)DerivedE,F10 volume %, max50 volume %90 volume %, max End Point, maxminGmaxAA 54(7.8
31、) 70.(158) 77(170.) 121(250.) 190.(374) 225(437) 2 597(1250.)A 62(9.0) 70.(158) 77(170.) 121(250.) 190.(374) 225(437) 2 597(1250.)B 69(10.0) 65(149) 77(170.) 118(245) 190.(374) 225(437) 2 591(1240.)C 79(11.5) 60.(140.) 77(170.) 116(240.) 185(365) 225(437) 2 586(1230.)D 93(13.5) 55.(131) 77(170.)H113
32、(235) 185(365) 225(437) 2 580.(1220.)E 103(15.0) 50.(122) 77(170.)H110.(230.) 185(365) 225(437) 2 569(1200.)ASee 1.7 for determining conformance with specification limits in this table. When using this table to determine the conformance of gasoline volatility, the reader isadvised to review other po
33、ssible requirements (for example, EPA Substantially Similar rule, California Air Resources Board (CARB), Clean Burning Gasoline (CBG), otherstate or local and pipeline specifications).BConsult EPA for approved test methods for compliance with EPA vapor pressure regulations.CAt 101.3 kPa pressure (76
34、0 mm Hg).DDriveability Index (DI) = 1.5 T10+ 3.0 T50+ 1.0 T90+ 1.33C (2.4F) 3 Ethanol Volume %, where T10= distillation temperature, C (F), at 10 % evaporated, T50=distillation temperature, C (F), at 50 % evaporated, T90= distillation temperature, C (F), at 90 % evaporated, and 1.33 is the coefficie
35、nt for the volume % ethanol presentwhen the distillation results are determined in degrees Celsius and 2.4 is the coefficient when distillation results are determined in degrees Fahrenheit.EThe DI specification limits are applicable at the refinery or import facility as defined by 40 CFR Part 80.2 a
36、nd are not subject to correction for precision of the testmethod.FSince DI is an index and has no units, the standard temperature conversion from U.S. customary to SI units is not appropriate. The following equation is to be usedto make the conversion: DIC5 DIF 176!/1.8GGasolines that may be blended
37、 with 1 to 10 volume percent ethanol or all other gasolines whose disposition with ethanol blending is not known shall meet a minimum50 % evaporated distillation temperature of 77C (170.F) prior to blending with ethanol. Gasolines that contain 1 to 10 volume percent ethanol shall meet a minimum 50 %
38、evaporated distillation temperature of 66C (150.F) after blending.HGasolines known from the origin to retail that will not be blended with ethanol may meet a minimum 50 % evaporated distillation temperature of 66C (150.F) forvolatility classes D and E only. Gasolines meeting these limits are not sui
39、table for blending with ethanol.D4814092D 4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers forTests Affected by Trace ContaminationD 4815 Test Method for Determination of MTBE, ETBE,TAME, DIPE, tertiary-Amyl Alcohol and C1to C4Alco-hols in Gasoline by Gas ChromatographyD 4953 Test Method for Vapor
40、Pressure of Gasoline andGasoline-Oxygenate Blends (Dry Method)D 5059 Test Methods for Lead in Gasoline by X-RaySpectroscopyD 5188 Test Method for Vapor-Liquid Ratio TemperatureDetermination of Fuels (Evacuated Chamber Method)D 5190 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-ucts (Automatic Met
41、hod)D 5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-ucts (Mini Method)D 5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur inLight Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, DieselEngine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet FluorescenceD 5482 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-uc
42、ts (Mini MethodAtmospheric)D 5500 Test Method for Vehicle Evaluation of UnleadedAutomotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel for Intake ValveDeposit FormationD 5598 Test Method for Evaluating Unleaded AutomotiveSpark-Ignition Engine Fuel for Electronic Port Fuel Injec-tor FoulingD 5599 Test Method for Dete
43、rmination of Oxygenates inGasoline by Gas Chromatography and Oxygen SelectiveFlame Ionization DetectionD 5842 Practice for Sampling and Handling of Fuels forVolatility MeasurementD 5845 Test Method for Determination of MTBE, ETBE,TAME, DIPE, Methanol, Ethanol and tert-Butanol inGasoline by Infrared
44、SpectroscopyD 5854 Practice for Mixing and Handling of LiquidSamples of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD 6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels andFuel SystemsD 6920 Test Method for Total Sulfur in Naphthas, Distil-lates, Reformulated Gasolines, Diesels, Biodiesels, andMotor Fuels by Oxida
45、tive Combustion and Electrochemi-cal DetectionD 7039 Test Method for Sulfur in Gasoline and Diesel Fuelby Monochromatic Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluores-cence SpectrometryE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with Specifications2.2 Government Standard:CFR
46、40 Code of Federal Regulations52.3 Other Standard:CCR Title 17, 60100-60114 California Code of Regula-tions63. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 antiknock index, nthe arithmetic average of theResearch octane number (RON) and Motor octane number(MON), that is, (RON + MON)/2.3.1.2 gasoline, na volatile
47、 mixture of liquid hydrocar-bons, generally containing small amounts of additives, suitablefor use as a fuel in spark-ignition, internal combustion engines.3.1.3 gasoline-alcohol blend, na fuel consisting primarilyof gasoline along with a substantial amount (more than 0.35mass % oxygen, or more than
48、 0.15 mass % oxygen if methanolis the only oxygenate) of one or more alcohols.3.1.4 gasoline-ether blend, na fuel consisting primarily ofgasoline along with a substantial amount (more than 0.35 mass% oxygen) of one or more ethers.3.1.5 gasoline-oxygenate blend, na fuel consisting prima-rily of gasol
49、ine along with a substantial amount (more than0.35 mass % oxygen, or more than 0.15 mass % oxygen ifmethanol is the only oxygenate) of one or more oxygenates.3.1.6 oxygenate, nan oxygen-containing, ashless, organiccompound, such as an alcohol or ether, which can be used as afuel or fuel supplement.3.1.7 refinery, na plant at which gasoline or diesel fuel isproduced.3.1.7.1 DiscussionThis definition is from CFR 40 Part80.2. In the federal definition, a plant not only covers theconventional refinery, but also covers oxygenate blending andother facilit
