1、Designation:D481411a Designation: D4814 11bStandard Specification forAutomotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4814; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers the establishme
3、nt of requirements of automotive fuels for ground vehicles equipped withspark-ignition engines.1.2 This specification describes various characteristics of automotive fuels for use over a wide range of operating conditions.It provides for a variation of the volatility and water tolerance of automotiv
4、e fuel in accordance with seasonal climatic changesat the locality where the fuel is used. For the period May 1 through Sept. 15, the maximum vapor pressure limits issued by theU.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) are specified for each geographical area except Alaska and Hawaii. Variation of
5、theantiknock index with seasonal climatic changes and altitude is discussed in Appendix X1. This specification neither necessarilyincludes all types of fuels that are satisfactory for automotive vehicles, nor necessarily excludes fuels that can performunsatisfactorily under certain operating conditi
6、ons or in certain equipment. The significance of each of the properties of thisspecification is shown in Appendix X1.1.3 The spark-ignition engine fuels covered in this specification are gasoline and its blends with oxygenates, such as alcoholsand ethers. This specification does not apply to fuels t
7、hat contain an oxygenate as the primary component, such as Fuel Methanol(M85). The concentrations and types of oxygenates are not specifically limited in this specification. However, depending onoxygenate type, as oxygenate content increases above some threshold level, the likelihood for vehicle pro
8、blems also increases. Thecomposition of both unleaded and leaded fuel is limited by economic, legal, and technical consideration, but their properties,including volatility, are defined by this specification. In addition, the composition of unleaded fuel is subject to the rules,regulations, and Clean
9、 Air Act waivers of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). With regard to fuel properties,including volatility, this specification can be more or less restrictive than the EPA rules, regulations, and waivers. Refer toAppendix X3 for discussions of EPA rules relating to fuel volatility, lead
10、 and phosphorous contents, deposit control additivecertification, and use of oxygenates in blends with unleaded gasoline. Contact the EPA for the latest versions of the rules andadditional requirements.1.4 This specification does not address the emission characteristics of reformulated spark-ignitio
11、n engine fuel. Reformulatedspark-ignition engine fuel is required in some areas to lower emissions from automotive vehicles, and its characteristics aredescribed in the research report on reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel.2However, in addition to the legal requirements foundin this research re
12、port, reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel should meet the performance requirements found in thisspecification.1.5 This specification represents a description of automotive fuel as of the date of publication. The specification is undercontinuous review, which can result in revisions based on chan
13、ges in fuel, automotive requirements, or test methods, or acombination thereof. All users of this specification, therefore, should refer to the latest edition.NOTE 1If there is any doubt as to the latest edition of Specification D4814, contact ASTM International Headquarters.1.6 Tests applicable to
14、gasoline are not necessarily applicable to its blends with oxygenates. Consequently, the type of fuel underconsideration must first be identified in order to select applicable tests. Test Method D4815 provides a procedure for determiningoxygenate concentration in mass percent. Test Method D4815 also
15、 includes procedures for calculating mass oxygen content andoxygenate concentration in volume percent. Appendix X4 provides a procedure for calculating the mass oxygen content of a fuelusing measured oxygenate type, oxygenate concentration in volume percent, and measured density or relative density
16、of the fuel.1.7 The following applies to all specified limits in this standard: For purposes of determining conformance with thesespecifications, an observed value or a calculated value shall be rounded “to the nearest unit” in the right-most significant digit used1This specification is under the ju
17、risdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.A0.01on Gasoline and Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends.Current edition approved Oct.Dec. 1, 2011. Published November 2011.January 2012. Originally approved in 1988. Last previous editio
18、n approved in 2011 as D481411a.DOI: 10.1520/D4814-11aB.2Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1347.1This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication o
19、f what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considere
20、d the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.in expressing the specification limit, in accordance with the rounding method of Practice E29. F
21、or a specification limit expressedas an integer, a trailing zero is significant only if the decimal point is specified. For a specified limit expressed as an integer, andthe right-most digit is non-zero, the right-most digit is significant without a decimal point being specified. This convention app
22、liesto specified limits in Tables 1, 3, and Table X8.1, and it will not be observed in the remainder of this specification.1.8 The values stated in SI units are the standard, except when other units are specified by federal regulation. Values given inparentheses are provided for information only.NOT
23、E 2Many of the values shown in Table 1 were originally developed using U.S. customary units and were subsequently soft-converted to SIvalues. As a result, conversion of the SI values will sometimes differ slightly from the U.S. customary values shown because of round-off. In some cases,federal regul
24、ations specify non-SI units.1.9 The following safety hazard caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Annex A1, of this specification. This standarddoes not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of thisstandard to
25、establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at Atmospheric PressureD130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petroleu
26、m Products by Copper Strip TestD287 Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)D381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet EvaporationD439 Specification for Automotive Gasoline4D525 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Gasoline (Induction Period M
27、ethod)D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp Method)D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid PetroleumProducts by Hydrometer MethodD2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Wavelength Dispersive X-r
28、ay Fluorescence SpectrometryD2699 Test Method for Research Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine FuelD2700 Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine FuelD2885 Test Method for Determination of Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuels by On-Line Direct ComparisonTechniqueD3120
29、Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in Light Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcoulometry3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the s
30、tandards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.4Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.TABLE 1 Vapor Pressure and Distillation Class RequirementsAVapor Pressure/Distillation ClassVaporPressure,Bat 37.8C (100F)max, kPa (psi)Distillation Temp
31、eratures, C (F), at % Evaporated. maxCDistillationResidue,volume %,maxDriveability Index,Dmax, C (F)DerivedE,F10 volume %, max50 volume %90 volume %, max End Point, maxminGmaxAA 54(7.8) 70.(158) 77(170.) 121(250.) 190.(374) 225(437) 2 597(1250.)A 62(9.0) 70.(158) 77(170.) 121(250.) 190.(374) 225(437
32、) 2 597(1250.)B 69(10.0) 65(149) 77(170.) 118(245) 190.(374) 225(437) 2 591(1240.)C 79(11.5) 60.(140.) 77(170.) 116(240.) 185(365) 225(437) 2 586(1230.)D 93(13.5) 55(131) 77(170.)H113(235) 185(365) 225(437) 2 580.(1220.)E 103(15.0) 50.(122) 77(170.)H110.(230.) 185(365) 225(437) 2 569(1200.)ASee 1.7
33、for determining conformance with specification limits in this table. When using this table to determine the conformance of gasoline volatility, the reader isadvised to review other possible requirements (for example, EPA Substantially Similar rule, California Air Resources Board (CARB), Clean Burnin
34、g Gasoline (CBG), otherstate or local and pipeline specifications).BConsult EPA for approved test methods for compliance with EPA vapor pressure regulations.CAt 101.3 kPa pressure (760 mm Hg).DDriveability Index (DI) = 1.5 T10+ 3.0 T50+ 1.0 T90+ 1.33C (2.4F) 3 Ethanol Volume %, where T10= distillati
35、on temperature, C (F), at 10 % evaporated, T50=distillation temperature, C (F), at 50 % evaporated, T90= distillation temperature, C (F), at 90 % evaporated, and 1.33 is the coefficient for the volume % ethanol presentwhen the distillation results are determined in degrees Celsius and 2.4 is the coe
36、fficient when distillation results are determined in degrees Fahrenheit.EThe DI specification limits are applicable at the refinery or import facility as defined by 40 CFR Part 80.2 and are not subject to correction for precision of the testmethod.FSince DI is an index and has no units, the standard
37、 temperature conversion from U.S. customary to SI units is not appropriate. The following equation is to be usedto make the conversion: DIC5 DIF 176!/1.8GGasolines that may be blended with 1 to 10 volume percent ethanol or all other gasolines whose disposition with ethanol blending is not known shal
38、l meet a minimum50 % evaporated distillation temperature of 77C (170.F) prior to blending with ethanol. Gasolines that contain 1 to 10 volume percent ethanol shall meet a minimum 50 %evaporated distillation temperature of 66C (150.F) after blending.HGasolines known from the origin to retail that wil
39、l not be blended with ethanol may meet a minimum 50 % evaporated distillation temperature of 66C (150.F) forvolatility classes D and E only. Gasolines meeting these limits are not suitable for blending with ethanol.D4814 11b2D3231 Test Method for Phosphorus in GasolineD3237 Test Method for Lead in G
40、asoline by Atomic Absorption SpectroscopyD3341 Test Method for Lead in GasolineIodine Monochloride MethodD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density MeterD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD4177 Practice for Automa
41、tic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for Tests Affected by Trace ContaminationD4815 Test Method for Determination of MTBE, ETBE, TAME, DIPE, tertiary-Amyl Alcohol and C1to C4Alcohols inGasoline by Gas ChromatographyD4953 Test Method for V
42、apor Pressure of Gasoline and Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends (Dry Method)D5059 Test Methods for Lead in Gasoline by X-Ray SpectroscopyD5188 Test Method for Vapor-Liquid Ratio Temperature Determination of Fuels (Evacuated Chamber Method)D5190 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Automatic
43、 Method)D5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Mini Method)D5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in Light Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, Diesel Engine Fuel,and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet FluorescenceD5482 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Produc
44、ts (Mini MethodAtmospheric)D5500 Test Method for Vehicle Evaluation of Unleaded Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel for Intake Valve DepositFormationD5598 Test Method for Evaluating Unleaded Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel for Electronic Port Fuel Injector FoulingD5599 Test Method for Determ
45、ination of Oxygenates in Gasoline by Gas Chromatography and Oxygen Selective FlameIonization DetectionD5842 Practice for Sampling and Handling of Fuels for Volatility MeasurementD5845 Test Method for Determination of MTBE, ETBE, TAME, DIPE, Methanol, Ethanol and tert-Butanol in Gasoline byInfrared S
46、pectroscopyD5854 Practice for Mixing and Handling of Liquid Samples of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD6378 Test Method for Determination of Vapor Pressure (VPX) of Petroleum Products, Hydrocarbons, and Hydrocarbon-Oxygenate Mixtures (Triple Expansion Method)D6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination
47、in Fuels and Fuel SystemsD6920 Test Method for Total Sulfur in Naphthas, Distillates, Reformulated Gasolines, Diesels, Biodiesels, and Motor Fuels byOxidative Combustion and Electrochemical DetectionD7039 Test Method for Sulfur in Gasoline and Diesel Fuel by Monochromatic Wavelength Dispersive X-ray
48、 FluorescenceSpectrometryE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications2.2 Government Standard:CFR 40 Code of Federal Regulations52.3 Other Standard:CCR Title 17, 60100-60114 California Code of Regulations63. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 antik
49、nock index, nthe arithmetic average of the Research octane number (RON) and Motor octane number (MON), thatis, (RON + MON)/2.3.1.2 dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE), nvalue calculated by a defined correlation equation that is expected to becomparable to the vapor pressure value obtained by Test Method D4953, Procedure A. D49533.1.3 gasoline, na volatile mixture of liquid hydrocarbons, generally containing small amounts of additives, suitable for useas a fuel in spark-ignition, internal combustion engines.3.1.4 gasoline-alcohol blend, na fuel consis
