1、Designation: D4814 14bD4814 15Standard Specification forAutomotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4814; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A n
2、umber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers the establishment of re
3、quirements of automotive fuels for ground vehicles equipped withspark-ignition engines.1.2 This specification describes various characteristics of automotive fuels for use over a wide range of operating conditions.It provides for a variation of the volatility and water tolerance of automotive fuel i
4、n accordance with seasonal climatic changesat the locality where the fuel is used. For the period May 1 through Sept. 15, the maximum vapor pressure limits issued by theUnited States (U.S.) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) are specified for each geographical area except Alaska and Hawaii.Variat
5、ion of the antiknock index with seasonal climatic changes and altitude is discussed in Appendix X1.This specification neithernecessarily includes all types of fuels that are satisfactory for automotive vehicles, nor necessarily excludes fuels that can performunsatisfactorily under certain operating
6、conditions or in certain equipment. The significance of each of the properties of thisspecification is shown in Appendix X1.1.3 The spark-ignition engine fuels covered in this specification are gasoline and its blends with oxygenates, such as alcoholsand ethers. This specification does not apply to
7、fuels that contain an oxygenate as the primary component, such as Fuel Methanol(M85). The concentrations and types of oxygenates are not specifically limited in this specification. However, depending onoxygenate type, as oxygenate content increases above some threshold level, the likelihood for vehi
8、cle problems also increases. Thecomposition of both unleaded and leaded fuel is limited by economic, legal, and technical consideration, but their properties,including volatility, are defined by this specification. In addition, the composition of unleaded fuel is subject to the rules,regulations, an
9、d Clean Air Act waivers of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). With regard to fuel properties,including volatility, this specification can be more or less restrictive than the EPA rules, regulations, and waivers. Refer toAppendix X3 for discussions of EPA rules relating to fuel volatilit
10、y, lead and phosphorous contents, deposit control additivecertification, and use of oxygenates in blends with unleaded gasoline. Contact the EPA for the latest versions of the rules andadditional requirements.1.4 This specification does not address the emission characteristics of reformulated spark-
11、ignition engine fuel. Reformulatedspark-ignition engine fuel is required in some areas to lower emissions from automotive vehicles, and its characteristics aredescribed in the research report on reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel.2 However, in addition to the legal requirements foundin this res
12、earch report, reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel should meet the performance requirements found in thisspecification.1.5 This specification represents a description of automotive fuel as of the date of publication. The specification is undercontinuous review, which can result in revisions based
13、 on changes in fuel, automotive requirements, or test methods, or acombination thereof. All users of this specification, therefore, should refer to the latest edition.NOTE 1If there is any doubt as to the latest edition of Specification D4814, contact ASTM International Headquarters.1.6 Tests applic
14、able to gasoline are not necessarily applicable to its blends with oxygenates. Consequently, the type of fuel underconsideration must first be identified in order to select applicable tests. Test Method D4815 provides a procedure for determiningoxygenate concentration in mass percent. Test Method D4
15、815 also includes procedures for calculating mass oxygen content andoxygenate concentration in volume percent. Appendix X4 provides a procedure for calculating the mass oxygen content of a fuelusing measured oxygenate type, oxygenate concentration in volume percent, and measured density or relative
16、density of the fuel.1 This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.A0.01 on Gasoline and Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2014July 1, 2015. Published
17、 October 2014August 2015. Originally approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2014 asD4814 14a.D4814 14b. DOI: 10.1520/D4814-14B.10.1520/D4814-15.2 Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1347.This documen
18、t is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as app
19、ropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United St
20、ates11.7 The following applies to all specified limits in this standard: For purposes of determining conformance with thesespecifications, an observed value or a calculated value shall be rounded “to the nearest unit” in the right-most significant digit usedin expressing the specification limit, in
21、accordance with the rounding method of Practice E29. For a specification limit expressedas an integer, a trailing zero is significant only if the decimal point is specified. For a specified limit expressed as an integer, andthe right-most digit is non-zero, the right-most digit is significant withou
22、t a decimal point being specified. This convention appliesto specified limits in Tables 1, 3, and Table X7.1X8.1, and it will not be observed in the remainder of this specification.1.8 The values stated in SI units are the standard, except when other units are specified by U.S. federal regulation. V
23、alues givenin parentheses are provided for information only.NOTE 2Many of the values shown in Table 1 were originally developed using U.S. customary units and were subsequently soft-converted to SI values.As a result, conversion of the SI values will sometimes differ slightly from the U.S. customary
24、 values shown because of round-off. In some cases, U.S.federal regulations specify non-SI units.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health p
25、ractices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at Atmospheric PressureD130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petroleum Products by Copper Strip TestD287 Test M
26、ethod for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)D381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet EvaporationD439 Specification for Automotive Gasoline (Withdrawn 1990)4D525 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Gasoline (Induction Period Method)D1266 Test Method f
27、or Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp Method)D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products byHydrometer MethodD2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD2699 Test Metho
28、d for Research Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel3 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.4 T
29、he last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.TABLE 1 Vapor Pressure and Distillation Class RequirementsAVapor Pressure/Distillation Class ASTM Test MethodAA A B C D EVapor Pressure,B at 37.8 C (100 F) max, kPa (psi) 54 (7.8) 62 (9.0) 69 (10.0) 79 (11.5) 93 (13.5
30、) 103 (15.0) D4953, D5191,D5482, or D6378Distillation Temperatures, C (F), at % EvaporatedC D8610 volume %, max 70. (158) 70. (158) 65 (149) 60. (140.) 55 (131) 50. (122)50 volume %minD 77 (170.) 77 (170.) 77 (170.) 77 (170.) 77 (170.)E 77 (170.)Emax 121 (250.) 121 (250.) 118 (245) 116 (240.) 113 (2
31、35) 110. (230.)90 volume %, max 190. (374) 190. (374) 190. (374) 185 (365) 185 (365) 185 (365)End Point, max 225 (437) 225 (437) 225 (437) 225 (437) 225 (437) 225 (437)Distillation Residue, volume %, max 2 2 2 2 2 2 D86Driveability Index,F max, C (F) 597 (1250.) 597 (1250.) 591 (1240.) 586 (1230.) 5
32、80. (1220.) 569 (1200.) DerivedG,HA See 1.7 for determining conformance with specification limits in this table. When using this table to determine the conformance of gasoline volatility, the reader is advisedto review other applicable national, state, provincial, or local requirements. (For example
33、, in the U.S. these may include the EPA Substantially Similar rule, California AirResources Board (CARB), Clean Burning Gasoline (CBG), other state or local and pipeline specifications). See Appendix X3 for a summary of applicable U.S. EPAregulations for spark-ignition engine fuels.B Consult EPA for
34、 approved test methods for compliance with EPA vapor pressure regulations.C At 101.3 kPa pressure (760 mm Hg).D Gasolines that may be blended with 1 to 10 volume percent ethanol or all other gasolines whose disposition with ethanol blending is not known shall meet a minimum50 % evaporated distillati
35、on temperature of 77 C (170. F) prior to blending with ethanol. Gasoline-ethanol blends that contain 1 to 10 volume percent ethanol shall meeta minimum 50 % evaporated distillation temperature of 66 C (150. F) after blending.E Gasolines known from the origin to retail that will not be blended with e
36、thanol may meet a minimum 50 % evaporated distillation temperature of 66 C (150. F) for volatilityclasses D and E only. Gasolines meeting these limits are not suitable for blending with ethanol.F Driveability Index (DI) = 1.5 T10 + 3.0 T50 + 1.0 T90 + 1.33 C (2.4 F) Ethanol Volume %, where T10 = dis
37、tillation temperature, C (F), at 10 % evaporated, T50 =distillation temperature, C (F), at 50 % evaporated,T90 = distillation temperature, C (F), at 90 % evaporated, and 1.33 is the coefficient for the volume % ethanol presentwhen the distillation results are determined in degrees Celsius and 2.4 is
38、 the coefficient when distillation results are determined in degrees Fahrenheit.G The DI specification limits are applicable at the refinery or import facility as defined by 40 CFR Part 80.2 and are not subject to correction for precision of the test method.H Since DI is an index and has no units, t
39、he standard temperature conversion from U.S. customary to SI units is not appropriate. The following equation is to be used tomake the conversion: DIC5sDIF2176d/1.8D4814 152D2700 Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine FuelD2885 Test Method for Determination of Octane Number of
40、Spark-Ignition Engine Fuels by On-Line Direct ComparisonTechniqueD3120 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in Light Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative MicrocoulometryD3231 Test Method for Phosphorus in GasolineD3237 Test Method for Lead in Gasoline by Atomic Absorption SpectroscopyD33
41、41 Test Method for Lead in GasolineIodine Monochloride MethodD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density MeterD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Prod
42、uctsD4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for Tests Affected by Trace ContaminationD4806 Specification for Denatured Fuel Ethanol for Blending with Gasolines for Use asAutomotive Spark-Ignition Engine FuelD4815 Test Method for Determination of MTBE, ETBE, TAME, DIPE, tertiary-Amyl Alcoh
43、ol and C1 to C4 Alcohols inGasoline by Gas ChromatographyD4953 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Gasoline and Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends (Dry Method)D5059 Test Methods for Lead in Gasoline by X-Ray SpectroscopyD5188 Test Method for Vapor-Liquid Ratio Temperature Determination of Fuels (Evacuated Cham
44、ber and Piston BasedMethod)D5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Mini Method)D5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in Light Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, Diesel Engine Fuel,and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet FluorescenceD5482 Test Method for Vapor Pressure
45、of Petroleum Products (Mini MethodAtmospheric)D5500 Test Method for Vehicle Evaluation of Unleaded Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel for Intake Valve DepositFormationD5598 Test Method for Evaluating Unleaded Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel for Electronic Port Fuel Injector FoulingD5599 Tes
46、t Method for Determination of Oxygenates in Gasoline by Gas Chromatography and Oxygen Selective FlameIonization DetectionD5842 Practice for Sampling and Handling of Fuels for Volatility MeasurementD5845 Test Method for Determination of MTBE, ETBE, TAME, DIPE, Methanol, Ethanol and tert-Butanol in Ga
47、soline byInfrared SpectroscopyD5854 Practice for Mixing and Handling of Liquid Samples of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD6378 Test Method for Determination of Vapor Pressure (VPX) of Petroleum Products, Hydrocarbons, and Hydrocarbon-Oxygenate Mixtures (Triple Expansion Method)D6469 Guide for Micro
48、bial Contamination in Fuels and Fuel SystemsD6920 Test Method for Total Sulfur in Naphthas, Distillates, Reformulated Gasolines, Diesels, Biodiesels, and Motor Fuels byOxidative Combustion and Electrochemical DetectionD7039 Test Method for Sulfur in Gasoline, Diesel Fuel, Jet Fuel, Kerosine, Biodies
49、el, Biodiesel Blends, and Gasoline-EthanolBlends by Monochromatic Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD7220 Test Method for Sulfur inAutomotive, Heating, and Jet Fuels by Monochromatic Energy Dispersive X-ray FluorescenceSpectrometryD7667 Test Method for Determination of Corrosiveness to Silver byAutomotive Spark-Ignition Engine FuelThin Silver StripMethodD7671 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Silver by Automotive SparkIgnition Engine FuelSilver Strip MethodD7757 Test Method for Silicon in Gasoline and Related Products by Monochrom
