1、Designation: D4814 16bStandard Specification forAutomotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4814; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in
2、 parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers the establishment of require-me
3、nts of liquid automotive fuels for ground vehicles equippedwith spark-ignition engines.1.2 This specification describes various characteristics ofautomotive fuels for use over a wide range of operatingconditions. It provides for a variation of the volatility and watertolerance of automotive fuel in
4、accordance with seasonalclimatic changes at the locality where the fuel is used. For theperiod May 1 through Sept. 15, the maximum vapor pressurelimits issued by the United States (U.S.) Environmental Pro-tection Agency (EPA) are specified for each geographical areaexcept Alaska and Hawaii. Variatio
5、n of the antiknock indexwith seasonal climatic changes and altitude is discussed inAppendix X1. This specification neither necessarily includesall types of fuels that are satisfactory for automotive vehicles,nor necessarily excludes fuels that can perform unsatisfactorilyunder certain operating cond
6、itions or in certain equipment. Thesignificance of each of the properties of this specification isshown in Appendix X1.1.3 The spark-ignition engine fuels covered in this specifi-cation are gasoline and its blends with oxygenates, such asalcohols and ethers and where gasoline is the primary compo-ne
7、nt by volume in the blend. The concentrations and types ofoxygenates are not specifically limited in this specification.The composition of both unleaded and leaded fuel is limited byeconomic, legal, and technical consideration, but theirproperties, including volatility, are defined by this specifica
8、-tion. In many countries, regulatory authorities having jurisdic-tion have set laws and regulations that limit the concentrationof oxygenates and certain other compounds found in spark-ignition engine fuel. In the United States, oxygenate types andconcentrations are limited to those approved under t
9、he U.S.Environmental Protection Agencys (EPA) substantially simi-lar rule (see X3.3.1), waivers, and partial waivers includingsome restrictions on vehicle and equipment use (see X3.3.2).With regard to fuel properties, including volatility, this speci-fication can be more or less restrictive than the
10、 EPA rules,regulations, and waivers. Refer to Appendix X3 for discussionsof EPA rules relating to fuel volatility, lead and phosphorouscontents, sulfur content, benzene content, deposit controladditive certification, and use of oxygenates in blends withunleaded gasoline. Contact the EPA for the late
11、st versions ofthe rules and additional requirements.1.4 This specification does not address the emission char-acteristics of reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel. Refor-mulated spark-ignition engine fuel is required in some areas tolower emissions from automotive vehicles, and its character-istic
12、s are described in the research report on reformulatedspark-ignition engine fuel.2However, in addition to the legalrequirements found in this research report, reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel should meet the performance requirementsfound in this specification.1.5 This specification represents
13、 a description of automotivefuel as of the date of publication. The specification is undercontinuous review, which can result in revisions based onchanges in fuel, automotive requirements, or test methods, or acombination thereof. All users of this specification, therefore,should refer to the latest
14、 edition.NOTE 1If there is any doubt as to the latest edition of SpecificationD4814, contact ASTM International Headquarters.1.6 Tests applicable to gasoline are not necessarily appli-cable to its blends with oxygenates. Consequently, the type offuel under consideration must first be identified in o
15、rder toselect applicable tests. Test Method D4815 provides a proce-dure for determining oxygenate concentration in mass percent.Test Method D4815 also includes procedures for calculatingmass oxygen content and oxygenate concentration in volumepercent. Appendix X4 provides a procedure for calculating
16、 themass oxygen content of a fuel using measured oxygenate type,oxygenate concentration in volume percent, and measureddensity or relative density of the fuel.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct resp
17、onsibility ofSubcommittee D02.A0.01 on Gasoline and Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends.Current edition approved April 1, 2016. Published April 2016. Originallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as D4814 16A. DOI:10.1520/D4814-16B.2Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International He
18、adquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1347.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States11.7 The following applies to all specified limits
19、 in thisstandard: For purposes of determining conformance with thesespecifications, an observed value or a calculated value shall berounded “to the nearest unit” in the right-most significant digitused in expressing the specification limit, in accordance withthe rounding method of Practice E29. For
20、a specification limitexpressed as an integer, a trailing zero is significant only if thedecimal point is specified. For a specified limit expressed as aninteger, and the right-most digit is non-zero, the right-mostdigit is significant without a decimal point being specified. Thisconvention applies t
21、o specified limits in Tables 1, 3, and X8.1,and it will not be observed in the remainder of this specifica-tion.1.8 The values stated in SI units are the standard, exceptwhen other units are specified by U.S. federal regulation.Values given in parentheses are provided for information only.NOTE 2Many
22、 of the values shown in Table 1 were originallydeveloped using U.S. customary units and were subsequently soft-converted to SI values. As a result, conversion of the SI values willsometimes differ slightly from the U.S. customary values shown becauseof round-off. In some cases, U.S. federal regulati
23、ons specify non-SI units.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations pri
24、or to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products andLiquid Fuels at Atmospheric PressureD130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petro-leum Products by Copper Strip TestD287 Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum andPetroleu
25、m Products (Hydrometer Method)D381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evapo-rationD439 Specification for Automotive Gasoline (Withdrawn1990)4D525 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Gasoline (In-duction Period Method)D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (LampMethod)D1298 Te
26、st Method for Density, Relative Density, or APIGravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-ucts by Hydrometer MethodD2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.
27、For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.TABLE 1 Vapor Pressure and Distillation Class RequirementsAVapor Pressure/Distillation ClassASTM Te
28、st MethodAA A B C D EVapor Pressure,Bat 37.8 C (100 F) max, kPa (psi) 54 (7.8) 62 (9.0) 69 (10.0) 79 (11.5) 93 (13.5) 103 (15.0) D4953, D5191,D5482,orD6378Distillation Temperatures, C (F), at % EvaporatedCD8610 volume %, max 70. (158) 70. (158) 65 (149) 60. (140.) 55 (131) 50. (122)50 volume %minD77
29、 (170.) 77 (170.) 77 (170.) 77 (170.) 77 (170.)E77 (170.)Emax 121 (250.) 121 (250.) 118 (245) 116 (240.) 113 (235) 110. (230.)90 volume %, max 190. (374) 190. (374) 190. (374) 185 (365) 185 (365) 185 (365)End Point, max 225 (437) 225 (437) 225 (437) 225 (437) 225 (437) 225 (437)Distillation Residue,
30、 volume %, max 2 2 2 2 2 2 D86Driveability Index,Fmax, C (F) 597 (1250.) 597 (1250.) 591 (1240.) 586 (1230.) 580. (1220.) 569 (1200.) DerivedG,HASee 1.7 for determining conformance with specification limits in this table. When using this table to determine the conformance of gasoline volatility, the
31、 reader is advisedto review other applicable national, state, provincial, or local requirements. (For example, in the U.S. these may include the EPA Substantially Similar rule, California AirResources Board (CARB), Clean Burning Gasoline (CBG), other state or local and pipeline specifications). See
32、Appendix X3 for a summary of applicable U.S. EPAregulations for spark-ignition engine fuels.BConsult EPA for approved test methods for compliance with EPA vapor pressure regulations.CAt 101.3 kPa pressure (760 mm Hg).DGasolines that may be blended with 1 % to 15 % by volume ethanol or all other gaso
33、lines whose disposition with ethanol blending is not known shall meet a minimum50 % evaporated distillation temperature of 77 C (170. F) prior to blending with ethanol. Gasoline-ethanol blends that contain 1 % to 15 % by volume ethanol shall meeta minimum 50 % evaporated distillation temperature of
34、66 C (150. F) after blending.EGasolines known from the origin to retail that will not be blended with ethanol may meet a minimum 50 % evaporated distillation temperature of 66 C (150. F) for volatilityclasses D and E only. Gasolines meeting these limits are not suitable for blending with ethanol.FFo
35、r fuels containing 0 % to 10 % by volume ethanol, Driveability Index (DI) = 1.5 T10+ 3.0 T50+ 1.0 T90+ 1.33 C (2.4 F) Ethanol Volume %, where T10= distillationtemperature, C (F), at 10 % evaporated, T50= distillation temperature, C (F), at 50 % evaporated, T90= distillation temperature, C (F), at 90
36、 % evaporated, and 1.33is the coefficient for the volume % ethanol present when the distillation results are determined in degrees Celsius and 2.4 is the coefficient when distillation results aredetermined in degrees Fahrenheit. For fuels greater than 10 % and no more than 15 % by volume ethanol, fo
37、r C, Driveability Index (DI) = 1.5 T10+ 3.0 T50+ 1.0 T90+(1.33 + (Ethanol % by Volume 10)/5 (5.261.33) Ethanol % by Volume, or for F, Driveability Index (DI) = 1.5 T10+ 3.0 T50+ 1.0 T90+ (2.4 + (Ethanol % by Volume 10)/5 (9.492.4) Ethanol % by Volume where T10= distillation temperature, C (F), at 10
38、 % evaporated, T50= distillation temperature, C (F), at 50 % evaporated,T90= distillation temperature, C (F), at 90 % evaporated, and the coefficient for the volume percent ethanol present varies linearly between 1.33 and 5.26 when thedistillation results are determined in degrees Celsius and the co
39、efficient varies linearly between 2.4 and 9.49 when distillation results are determined in degrees Fahrenheit.GThe DI specification limits are applicable at the refinery or import facility as defined by 40 CFR Part 80.2 and are not subject to correction for precision of the test method.HSince DI is
40、an index and has no units, the standard temperature conversion from U.S. customary to SI units is not appropriate. The following equation is to be used tomake the conversion: DIC5sDIF2176d/1.8D4814 16b2Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD2699 Test Method for Research Octane Number
41、of Spark-Ignition Engine FuelD2700 Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine FuelD2885 Test Method for Determination of Octane Number ofSpark-Ignition Engine Fuels by On-Line Direct Compari-son TechniqueD3120 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in LightLiquid Petroleum Hydr
42、ocarbons by Oxidative Microcou-lometryD3231 Test Method for Phosphorus in GasolineD3237 Test Method for Lead in Gasoline byAtomicAbsorp-tion SpectroscopyD3341 Test Method for Lead in GasolineIodine Mono-chloride MethodD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and APIGravity of Liquids by Digi
43、tal Density MeterD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, LiquidFuels, and LubricantsD4176 Test Method for Free Water and Particulate Contami-nation in Distillate Fuels (Visual Inspection Procedures)D4177 Practice for Auto
44、matic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers forTests Affected by Trace ContaminationD4806 Specification for Denatured Fuel Ethanol for Blend-ing with Gasolines for Use as Automotive Spark-IgnitionEngine FuelD4815 Test Method for Determination o
45、f MTBE, ETBE,TAME, DIPE, tertiary-Amyl Alcohol and C1to C4Alco-hols in Gasoline by Gas ChromatographyD4953 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Gasoline andGasoline-Oxygenate Blends (Dry Method)D5059 Test Methods for Lead in Gasoline by X-Ray Spec-troscopyD5188 Test Method for Vapor-Liquid Ratio Temper
46、atureDetermination of Fuels (Evacuated Chamber and PistonBased Method)D5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-ucts (Mini Method)D5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur inLight Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, DieselEngine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet Fluore
47、scenceD5482 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-ucts (Mini MethodAtmospheric)D5500 Test Method for Vehicle Evaluation of UnleadedAutomotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel for Intake ValveDeposit FormationD5598 Test Method for Evaluating Unleaded AutomotiveSpark-Ignition Engine Fuel for Elec
48、tronic Port Fuel Injec-tor FoulingD5599 Test Method for Determination of Oxygenates inGasoline by Gas Chromatography and Oxygen SelectiveFlame Ionization DetectionD5842 Practice for Sampling and Handling of Fuels forVolatility MeasurementD5845 Test Method for Determination of MTBE, ETBE,TAME, DIPE,
49、Methanol, Ethanol and tert-Butanol inGasoline by Infrared SpectroscopyD5854 Practice for Mixing and Handling of Liquid Samplesof Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD6378 Test Method for Determination of Vapor Pressure(VPX) of Petroleum Products, Hydrocarbons, andHydrocarbon-Oxygenate Mixtures (Triple ExpansionMethod)D6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and FuelSystemsD6920 Test Method for Total Sulfur in Naphthas, Distillates,Reformulated Gasolines, Diesels, Biodiesels, and MotorFuels by Oxidative Combustion and Electr
