1、Designation: D4814 16bD4814 16cStandard Specification forAutomotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4814; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A
2、number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers the establishment of r
3、equirements of liquid automotive fuels for ground vehicles equipped withspark-ignition engines.1.2 This specification describes various characteristics of automotive fuels for use over a wide range of operating conditions.It provides for a variation of the volatility and water tolerance of automotiv
4、e fuel in accordance with seasonal climatic changesat the locality where the fuel is used. For the period May 1 through Sept. 15, the maximum vapor pressure limits issued by theUnited States (U.S.) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) are specified for each geographical area except Alaska and Hawai
5、i.Variation of the antiknock index with seasonal climatic changes and altitude is discussed in Appendix X1.This specification neithernecessarily includes all types of fuels that are satisfactory for automotive vehicles, nor necessarily excludes fuels that can performunsatisfactorily under certain op
6、erating conditions or in certain equipment. The significance of each of the properties of thisspecification is shown in Appendix X1.1.3 The spark-ignition engine fuels covered in this specification are gasoline and its blends with oxygenates, such as alcoholsand ethers and where gasoline is the prim
7、ary component by volume in the blend. The concentrations and types of oxygenates arenot specifically limited in this specification. The composition of both unleaded and leaded fuel is limited by economic, legal, andtechnical consideration, but their properties, including volatility, are defined by t
8、his specification. In many countries, regulatoryauthorities having jurisdiction have set laws and regulations that limit the concentration of oxygenates and certain other compoundsfound in spark-ignition engine fuel. In the United States, oxygenate types and concentrations are limited to those appro
9、ved underthe U.S. Environmental Protection Agencys (EPA) substantially similar rule (see X3.3.1), waivers, and partial waivers includingsome restrictions on vehicle and equipment use (see X3.3.2). With regard to fuel properties, including volatility, this specificationcan be more or less restrictive
10、 than the EPA rules, regulations, and waivers. Refer to Appendix X3 for discussions of EPA rulesrelating to fuel volatility, lead and phosphorous contents, sulfur content, benzene content, deposit control additive certification, anduse of oxygenates in blends with unleaded gasoline. Contact the EPA
11、for the latest versions of the rules and additionalrequirements.1.4 This specification does not address the emission characteristics of reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel. Reformulatedspark-ignition engine fuel is required in some areas to lower emissions from automotive vehicles, and its chara
12、cteristics aredescribed in the research report on reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel.2 However, in addition to the legal requirements foundin this research report, reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel should meet the performance requirements found in thisspecification.1.5 This specification
13、represents a description of automotive fuel as of the date of publication. The specification is undercontinuous review, which can result in revisions based on changes in fuel, automotive requirements, or test methods, or acombination thereof. All users of this specification, therefore, should refer
14、to the latest edition.NOTE 1If there is any doubt as to the latest edition of Specification D4814, contact ASTM International Headquarters.1.6 Tests applicable to gasoline are not necessarily applicable to its blends with oxygenates. Consequently, the type of fuel underconsideration must first be id
15、entified in order to select applicable tests. Test Method D4815 provides a procedure for determiningoxygenate concentration in mass percent. Test Method D4815 also includes procedures for calculating mass oxygen content and1 This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petrol
16、eum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.A0.01 on Gasoline and Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends.Current edition approved April 1, 2016July 1, 2016. Published April 2016August 2016. Originally approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2016 asD4
17、814 16D4814 16b.A. DOI: 10.1520/D4814-16B.10.1520/D4814-16C.2 Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1347.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indicat
18、ion of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be cons
19、idered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1oxygenate concentration in volume percent. Appendix X4 provides a procedure for calculating
20、the mass oxygen content of a fuelusing measured oxygenate type, oxygenate concentration in volume percent, and measured density or relative density of the fuel.1.7 The following applies to all specified limits in this standard: For purposes of determining conformance with thesespecifications, an obs
21、erved value or a calculated value shall be rounded “to the nearest unit” in the right-most significant digit usedin expressing the specification limit, in accordance with the rounding method of Practice E29. For a specification limit expressedas an integer, a trailing zero is significant only if the
22、 decimal point is specified. For a specified limit expressed as an integer, andthe right-most digit is non-zero, the right-most digit is significant without a decimal point being specified. This convention appliesto specified limits in Tables 1, 3, and X8.1, and it will not be observed in the remain
23、der of this specification.1.8 The values stated in SI units are the standard, except when other units are specified by U.S. federal regulation. Values givenin parentheses are provided for information only.NOTE 2Many of the values shown in Table 1 were originally developed using U.S. customary units
24、and were subsequently soft-converted to SI values.As a result, conversion of the SI values will sometimes differ slightly from the U.S. customary values shown because of round-off. In some cases, U.S.federal regulations specify non-SI units.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the sa
25、fety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D86 Test Method for Distillation
26、of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric PressureD130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petroleum Products by Copper Strip TestD287 Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)D381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evapor
27、ationD439 Specification for Automotive Gasoline (Withdrawn 1990)43 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM webs
28、ite.4 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.TABLE 1 Vapor Pressure and Distillation Class RequirementsAVapor Pressure/Distillation Class ASTM Test MethodAA A B C D EVapor Pressure,B at 37.8 C (100 F) max, kPa (psi) 54 (7.8) 62 (9.0) 69 (10.0) 79 (11.5) 9
29、3 (13.5) 103 (15.0) D4953, D5191,D5482, or D6378Distillation Temperatures, C (F), at % EvaporatedC D8610 volume %, max 70. (158) 70. (158) 65 (149) 60. (140.) 55 (131) 50. (122)50 volume %minD 77 (170.) 77 (170.) 77 (170.) 77 (170.) 77 (170.)E 77 (170.)Emax 121 (250.) 121 (250.) 118 (245) 116 (240.)
30、 113 (235) 110. (230.)90 volume %, max 190. (374) 190. (374) 190. (374) 185 (365) 185 (365) 185 (365)End Point, max 225 (437) 225 (437) 225 (437) 225 (437) 225 (437) 225 (437)Distillation Residue, volume %, max 2 2 2 2 2 2 D86Driveability Index,F max, C (F) 597 (1250.) 597 (1250.) 591 (1240.) 586 (1
31、230.) 580. (1220.) 569 (1200.) DerivedG,HA See 1.7 for determining conformance with specification limits in this table. When using this table to determine the conformance of gasoline volatility, the reader is advisedto review other applicable national, state, provincial, or local requirements. (For
32、example, in the U.S. these may include the EPA Substantially Similar rule, California AirResources Board (CARB), Clean Burning Gasoline (CBG), other state or local and pipeline specifications). See Appendix X3 for a summary of applicable U.S. EPAregulations for spark-ignition engine fuels.B Consult
33、EPA for approved test methods for compliance with EPA vapor pressure regulations.C At 101.3 kPa pressure (760 mm Hg).D Gasolines that may be blended with 1 % to 15 % by volume ethanol or all other gasolines whose disposition with ethanol blending is not known shall meet a minimum50 % evaporated dist
34、illation temperature of 77 C (170. F) prior to blending with ethanol. Gasoline-ethanol blends that contain 1 % to 15 % by volume ethanol shall meeta minimum 50 % evaporated distillation temperature of 66 C (150. F) after blending.E Gasolines known from the origin to retail that will not be blended w
35、ith ethanol may meet a minimum 50 % evaporated distillation temperature of 66 C (150. F) for volatilityclasses D and E only. Gasolines meeting these limits are not suitable for blending with ethanol.F For fuels containing 0 % to 10 % by volume ethanol, Driveability Index (DI) = 1.5 T10 + 3.0 T50 + 1
36、.0 T90 + 1.33 C (2.4 F) Ethanol Volume %, where T10 = distillationtemperature, C (F), at 10 % evaporated, T50 = distillation temperature, C (F), at 50 % evaporated, T90 = distillation temperature, C (F), at 90 % evaporated, and 1.33is the coefficient for the volume % ethanol present when the distill
37、ation results are determined in degrees Celsius and 2.4 is the coefficient when distillation results aredetermined in degrees Fahrenheit. For fuels greater than 10 % and no more than 15 % by volume ethanol, for C, Driveability Index (DI) = 1.5 T10 + 3.0 T50 + 1.0 T90 +(1.33 + (Ethanol % by Volume 10
38、)/5 (5.261.33) Ethanol % by Volume, or for F, Driveability Index (DI) = 1.5 T10 + 3.0 T50 + 1.0 T90 + (2.4 + (Ethanol % by Volume 10)/5 (9.492.4) Ethanol % by Volume where T10 = distillation temperature, C (F), at 10 % evaporated, T50 = distillation temperature, C (F), at 50 % evaporated,T90 = disti
39、llation temperature, C (F), at 90 % evaporated, and the coefficient for the volume percent ethanol present varies linearly between 1.33 and 5.26 when thedistillation results are determined in degrees Celsius and the coefficient varies linearly between 2.4 and 9.49 when distillation results are deter
40、mined in degrees Fahrenheit.G The DI specification limits are applicable at the refinery or import facility as defined by 40 CFR Part 80.2 and are not subject to correction for precision of the test method.H Since DI is an index and has no units, the standard temperature conversion from U.S. customa
41、ry to SI units is not appropriate. The following equation is to be used tomake the conversion: DIC5sDIF2176d/1.8D4814 16c2D525 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Gasoline (Induction Period Method)D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp Method)D1298 Test Method for Density, Relat
42、ive Density, or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products byHydrometer MethodD2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD2699 Test Method for Research Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine FuelD2700 Test Method for M
43、otor Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine FuelD2885 Test Method for Determination of Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuels by On-Line Direct ComparisonTechniqueD3120 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in Light Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative MicrocoulometryD3231 Test Meth
44、od for Phosphorus in GasolineD3237 Test Method for Lead in Gasoline by Atomic Absorption SpectroscopyD3341 Test Method for Lead in GasolineIodine Monochloride MethodD3831 Test Method for Manganese in Gasoline By Atomic Absorption SpectroscopyD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API G
45、ravity of Liquids by Digital Density MeterD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and LubricantsD4176 Test Method for Free Water and Particulate Contamination in Distillate Fuels (Visual Inspection Procedur
46、es)D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for Tests Affected by Trace ContaminationD4806 Specification for Denatured Fuel Ethanol for Blending with Gasolines for Use asAutomotive Spark-Ignition Engine FuelD4815 Test
47、 Method for Determination of MTBE, ETBE, TAME, DIPE, tertiary-Amyl Alcohol and C1 to C4 Alcohols inGasoline by Gas ChromatographyD4953 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Gasoline and Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends (Dry Method)D5059 Test Methods for Lead in Gasoline by X-Ray SpectroscopyD5188 Test Method f
48、or Vapor-Liquid Ratio Temperature Determination of Fuels (Evacuated Chamber and Piston BasedMethod)D5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Mini Method)D5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in Light Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, Diesel Engine Fuel,and Eng
49、ine Oil by Ultraviolet FluorescenceD5482 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Mini MethodAtmospheric)D5500 Test Method for Vehicle Evaluation of Unleaded Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel for Intake Valve DepositFormationD5598 Test Method for Evaluating Unleaded Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel for Electronic Port Fuel Injector FoulingD5599 Test Method for Determination of Oxygenates in Gasoline by Gas Chromatography and Oxygen Selective FlameIonization DetectionD5842 Practice for Sampling and Hand
