1、Designation: D4814 16e1D4814 17Standard Specification forAutomotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4814; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A
2、number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1 NOTEEq 3, Eq 4, Eq X1.6, and Eq X1.7 were corrected editori
3、ally in January 2017.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers the establishment of requirements of liquid automotive fuels for ground vehicles equipped withspark-ignition engines.1.2 This specification describes various characteristics of automotive fuels for use over a wide range of operating conditi
4、ons.It provides for a variation of the volatility and water tolerance of automotive fuel in accordance with seasonal climatic changesat the locality where the fuel is used. For the period May 1 through Sept. 15, the maximum vapor pressure limits issued by theUnited States (U.S.) Environmental Protec
5、tion Agency (EPA) are specified for each geographical area except Alaska and Hawaii.Variation of the antiknock index with seasonal climatic changes and altitude is discussed in Appendix X1.This specification neithernecessarily includes all types of fuels that are satisfactory for automotive vehicles
6、, nor necessarily excludes fuels that can performunsatisfactorily under certain operating conditions or in certain equipment. The significance of each of the properties of thisspecification is shown in Appendix X1.1.3 The spark-ignition engine fuels covered in this specification are gasoline and its
7、 blends with oxygenates, such as alcoholsand ethers and where gasoline is the primary component by volume in the blend. The concentrations and types of oxygenates arenot specifically limited in this specification. The composition of both unleaded and leaded fuel is limited by economic, legal, andtec
8、hnical consideration, but their properties, including volatility, are defined by this specification. In many countries, regulatoryauthorities having jurisdiction have set laws and regulations that limit the concentration of oxygenates and certain other compoundsfound in spark-ignition engine fuel. I
9、n the United States, oxygenate types and concentrations are limited to those approved underthe U.S. Environmental Protection Agencys (EPA) substantially similar rule (see X3.3.1), waivers, and partial waivers includingsome restrictions on vehicle and equipment use (see X3.3.2). With regard to fuel p
10、roperties, including volatility, this specificationcan be more or less restrictive than the EPA rules, regulations, and waivers. Refer to Appendix X3 for discussions of EPA rulesrelating to fuel volatility, lead and phosphorous contents, sulfur content, benzene content, deposit control additive cert
11、ification, anduse of oxygenates in blends with unleaded gasoline. Contact the EPA for the latest versions of the rules and additionalrequirements.1.4 This specification does not address the emission characteristics of reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel. Reformulatedspark-ignition engine fuel is
12、 required in some areas to lower emissions from automotive vehicles, and its characteristics aredescribed in the research report on reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel.2 However, in addition to the legal requirements foundin this research report, reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel should me
13、et the performance requirements found in thisspecification.1.5 This specification represents a description of automotive fuel as of the date of publication. The specification is undercontinuous review, which can result in revisions based on changes in fuel, automotive requirements, or test methods,
14、or acombination thereof. All users of this specification, therefore, should refer to the latest edition.NOTE 1If there is any doubt as to the latest edition of Specification D4814, contact ASTM International Headquarters.1 This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleu
15、m Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.A0.01 on Gasoline and Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends.Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2016May 1, 2017. Published December 2016May 2017. Originally approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2016 asD4814
16、 16d.D4814 16e1. DOI: 10.1520/D4814-16EE01.10.1520/D4814-17.2 Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting MONO12, U.S. Reformulated Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel andthe U.S. Renewable Fuels Standard.This document is not an ASTM standard and is in
17、tended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the cur
18、rent versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States11.6 Tests applicable to gasoli
19、ne are not necessarily applicable to its blends with oxygenates. Consequently, the type of fuel underconsideration must first be identified in order to select applicable tests. Test Method D4815 provides a procedure for determiningoxygenate concentration in mass percent. Test Method D4815 also inclu
20、des procedures for calculating mass oxygen content andoxygenate concentration in volume percent. Appendix X4 provides a procedure for calculating the mass oxygen content of a fuelusing measured oxygenate type, oxygenate concentration in volume percent, and measured density or relative density of the
21、 fuel.1.7 The following applies to all specified limits in this standard: For purposes of determining conformance with thesespecifications, an observed value or a calculated value shall be rounded “to the nearest unit” in the right-most significant digit usedin expressing the specification limit, in
22、 accordance with the rounding method of Practice E29. For a specification limit expressedas an integer, a trailing zero is significant only if the decimal point is specified. For a specified limit expressed as an integer, andthe right-most digit is non-zero, the right-most digit is significant witho
23、ut a decimal point being specified. This convention appliesto specified limits in Tables 1, 3, and X8.1, and it will not be observed in the remainder of this specification.1.8 The values stated in SI units are the standard, except when other units are specified by U.S. federal regulation. Values giv
24、enin parentheses are provided for information only.NOTE 2Many of the values shown in Table 1 were originally developed using U.S. customary units and were subsequently soft-converted to SI values.As a result, conversion of the SI values will sometimes differ slightly from the U.S. customary values s
25、hown because of round-off. In some cases, U.S.federal regulations specify non-SI units.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices
26、and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recomme
27、ndations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure3 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or
28、 contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.TABLE 1 Vapor Pressure and Distillation Class RequirementsAVapor Pressure/Distillation Class ASTM Test MethodAA A B C D EVapor Press
29、ure,B at 37.8 C (100 F) max, kPa (psi) 54 (7.8) 62 (9.0) 69 (10.0) 79 (11.5) 93 (13.5) 103 (15.0) D4953, D5191,D5482, or D6378Distillation Temperatures, C (F), at % EvaporatedC D86 or D7345D, E10 volume %, max 70. (158) 70. (158) 65 (149) 60. (140.) 55 (131) 50. (122)50 volume %minD 77 (170.) 77 (17
30、0.) 77 (170.) 77 (170.) 77 (170.)E 77 (170.)EminF 77 (170.) 77 (170.) 77 (170.) 77 (170.) 77 (170.)G 77 (170.)Gmax 121 (250.) 121 (250.) 118 (245) 116 (240.) 113 (235) 110. (230.)90 volume %, max 190. (374) 190. (374) 190. (374) 185 (365) 185 (365) 185 (365)End Point, max 225 (437) 225 (437) 225 (43
31、7) 225 (437) 225 (437) 225 (437)Distillation Residue, volume %, max 2 2 2 2 2 2 D86 or D7345D, EDriveability Index,F max, C (F) 597 (1250.) 597 (1250.) 591 (1240.) 586 (1230.) 580. (1220.) 569 (1200.) DerivedG,HDriveability Index,H max, C (F) 597 (1250.) 597 (1250.) 591 (1240.) 586 (1230.) 580. (122
32、0.) 569 (1200.) DerivedI,JA See 1.7 for determining conformance with specification limits in this table. When using this table to determine the conformance of gasoline volatility, the reader is advisedto review other applicable national, state, provincial, or local requirements. (For example, in the
33、 U.S. these may include the EPA Substantially Similar rule, California AirResources Board (CARB), Clean Burning Gasoline (CBG), other state or local and pipeline specifications). See Appendix X3 for a summary of applicable U.S. EPAregulations for spark-ignition engine fuels.B Consult EPA for approve
34、d test methods for compliance with EPA vapor pressure regulations.C At 101.3 kPa pressure (760 mm Hg).D Test Method D86 shall be the referee method.E Test Method D7345, results shall be reported as “Predicted D86” as determined by applying the corrections described in Test Method D7345 to convert to
35、 D86 equivalentvalues. The use of Test Method D7345 shall be limited to gasoline and gasoline-ethanol blends up to maximum 20 % by volume ethanol.F Gasolines that may be blended with 1 % to 15 % by volume ethanol or all other gasolines whose disposition with ethanol blending is not known shall meet
36、a minimum50 % evaporated distillation temperature of 77 C (170. F) prior to blending with ethanol. Gasoline-ethanol blends that contain 1 % to 15 % by volume ethanol shall meeta minimum 50 % evaporated distillation temperature of 66 C (150. F) after blending.G Gasolines known from the origin to reta
37、il that will not be blended with ethanol may meet a minimum 50 % evaporated distillation temperature of 66 C (150. F) forvolatility classes D and E only. Gasolines meeting these limits are not suitable for blending with ethanol.H See 5.2.3 for Driveability Index equations for gasoline and gasoline-e
38、thanol blends containing no more than 15 % by volume ethanol.I The DI specification limits are applicable at the refinery or import facility as defined by 40 CFR Part 80.2 and are not subject to correction for precision of the test method.J Since DI is an index and has no units, the standard tempera
39、ture conversion from U.S. customary to SI units is not appropriate. The following equation is to be used tomake the conversion: DIC5sDIF2176d/1.8D4814 172D130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petroleum Products by Copper Strip TestD287 Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and P
40、etroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)D381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet EvaporationD439 Specification for Automotive Gasoline (Withdrawn 1990)4D525 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Gasoline (Induction Period Method)D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp Method)D
41、1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products byHydrometer MethodD2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD2699 Test Method for Research Octane Number of Spark-Ignition
42、 Engine FuelD2700 Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine FuelD2885 Test Method for Determination of Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuels by On-Line Direct ComparisonTechniqueD3120 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in Light Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxida
43、tive MicrocoulometryD3231 Test Method for Phosphorus in GasolineD3237 Test Method for Lead in Gasoline by Atomic Absorption SpectroscopyD3341 Test Method for Lead in GasolineIodine Monochloride MethodD3831 Test Method for Manganese in Gasoline By Atomic Absorption SpectroscopyD4052 Test Method for D
44、ensity, Relative Density, and API Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density MeterD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and LubricantsD4176 Test Method for Free Water and Particulate Contamination in Distillat
45、e Fuels (Visual Inspection Procedures)D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for Tests Affected by Trace ContaminationD4806 Specification for Denatured Fuel Ethanol for Blending with Gasolines for Use asAutomotive S
46、park-Ignition Engine FuelD4815 Test Method for Determination of MTBE, ETBE, TAME, DIPE, tertiary-Amyl Alcohol and C1 to C4 Alcohols inGasoline by Gas ChromatographyD4953 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Gasoline and Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends (Dry Method)D5059 Test Methods for Lead in Gasoline by X-
47、Ray SpectroscopyD5188 Test Method for Vapor-Liquid Ratio Temperature Determination of Fuels (Evacuated Chamber and Piston BasedMethod)D5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Mini Method)D5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in Light Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engi
48、ne Fuel, Diesel Engine Fuel,and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet FluorescenceD5482 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Mini MethodAtmospheric)D5500 Test Method for Vehicle Evaluation of Unleaded Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel for Intake Valve DepositFormationD5598 Test Method for E
49、valuating Unleaded Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel for Electronic Port Fuel Injector FoulingD5599 Test Method for Determination of Oxygenates in Gasoline by Gas Chromatography and Oxygen Selective FlameIonization DetectionD5842 Practice for Sampling and Handling of Fuels for Volatility MeasurementD5845 Test Method for Determination of MTBE, ETBE, TAME, DIPE, Methanol, Ethanol and tert-Butanol in Gasoline byInfrared SpectroscopyD5854 Practice for Mixing and Handling of Liquid Samples of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD6378 Test Method for Determina
