1、Designation: D 4822 88 (Reapproved 2003)Standard Guide forSelection of Methods of Particle Size Analysis of FluvialSediments (Manual Methods)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4822; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the
2、 case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the selection of methods for deter-mining the size distribution of f
3、luvial sediments particles in therange greater than 0.45 m using manual methods. Manualmethods are defined as those methods that require the operatorto do some actual measurements and calculations. An auto-mated method would be one which, after the sample isprepared and inserted into an instrument,
4、the instrument(machine) does the measuring and calculations, not the opera-tor. Not all manual methods are presented in this guide.However, where available, at least two methods for eachparticle size range are given.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, ass
5、ociated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 422 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils2D 1
6、129 Terminology Related to Water3D 4410 Terminology of Fluvial Sediment4D 4411 Guide for Sampling Fluvial Sediment in Motion4E20 Practice for Particle Size Analysis of Particulate Sub-stances in the Range of 0.2 to 75 Micrometers by OpticalMicroscopy53. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitio
7、ns of terms used in this guide, refer toTerminologies D 1129 and D 4410.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 For definitions of terms used in this guide, refer toTerminology D 4410.3.2.2 particle counta method of particle size analysis inwhich the number of particles in the vario
8、us size ranges arecounted manually.3.2.3 particle sizethe diameter, usually the intermediatediameter, of a particle measured by settling, sieving, micro-metric, or direct measurement methods (see 5.2).3.2.4 particle size distributionthe relative amount of asediment sample in a range of specific size
9、s in terms ofpercentages by mass, volume, or number, finer than a givenparticle size.4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide consists of suggested manual test methodsfor analyzing fluvial sediment samples for particle size distri-bution.5. Significance and Use5.1 This guide is general and useful in helpin
10、g the user todetermine an appropriate manual test method for determiningthe particle size distribution of fluvial sediments. The sug-gested test methods are not described in this guide, butreferences are given so that the user may obtain more infor-mation about each test method.5.2 It should be note
11、d that different test methods may andoften times do produce different particle size distributions forthe same sample. This is due in part to the different testmethods requiring native or distilled water, differences indispersion methods used, and differences in what the testmethod is measuring, that
12、 is, physical or sedimentation diam-eter.6. Sampling6.1 Collect the samples in accordance with Guide D 4411 or“Field Methods for Measurement of Fluvial Sediments” (1).61This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Water and isthe direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.07 on Sedim
13、ents, Geomorphology,and Open Channel Flow.Current edition approved June 10, 2003. Published August 2003. Originallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D 4822 88 (1999).2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.4Annual Book of ASTM Sta
14、ndards, Vol 11.02.5Discontinued. See 1995 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.6The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis guide.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.7. Proced
15、ure7.1 Visually inspect the sample or streambed to estimateparticle size ranges contained in the sample.7.2 Enter Table 1 from the left. Determine the test methodsthat are appropriate for: (1) the estimated particle size con-tained in the sample, and (2) the desired reporting units.7.3 Details on ea
16、ch test method are given in the referenceslisted under each test method.7.4 Use Table 2 to estimate quantities of sediment neededfor each type of analysis.8. Precision and Bias8.1 The test methods suggested in this guide have differentprecision ranges and biases. See References (2-7), Test MethodD 4
17、22, and Practice E20for precision and bias informationapplicable for each test method.9. Keywords9.1 particle size; sedimentTABLE 1 Guide for Selection of Particle Size Analysis of Fluvial Sediments Using Manual MethodsNOTENot all test methods will give complete distribution for the size range indic
18、ated, some will only give percent finer for one or two sizes in theindicated range. See references for more detail on each test method.M = Results in percent by mass PC = Particle countN = Results in percent by number of particles OPC = Optical particle count, non-microscopicV = Results in percent b
19、y volume H = HydrometerBW = Bottom withdrawal M = MicroscopicP = Pipet D = DecantationVA = Visual accumulation EW = Elutriator, waterWS = Wet sieve EA = Elutriator, airDS = Dry sieve C = CentrifugalMethods/SizesBW(2,3)AP(2,3)VA(2,3,4)WS(2,3)DS(2,9)PC(2)OPC(5)H(3,6),TestMethodD 422BM(6,7),PracticeE20
20、BD(6,8)EW(7,8)EA(7,8)C(6,7)Clay 0.00045-0.004 mm M M M M VNMMMSilt 0.004-0.062 mm M M M M M VNMMMMSand 0.062-2.0 mm M M M N VNVNMMGravel 2.0-64 mm M N VNCobbles 64-256 mm N VNBoulders 256 mm N VNANumbers in parentheses indicate applicable reference.BSee Referenced Documents section for complete titl
21、e and location.TABLE 2 Ranges in Optimum Quantity of Sediment for DifferentMethods of Particle Size AnalysisMethodRange in Optimum Quantity orConcentration of Sediment(BW) Bottom withdrawal 0.5-1.8 g(P) Pipet 1.0-5.0 g(VA) Visual accumulation 0.05-15.0 g(WS) Wet sieve 0.05g(DS) Dry sieve 0.05 g(PC)
22、Particle count 100 particles(OPC) Optical particle count 1000 particlesH) (Hydrometer 40 000 mg/LA(M) Microscopic 750 particles(D) Decantation 1.0-5.0 g(EW) Elutriator, water 10 gEA) (Elutriator, air 0.1-20 g(C) Centrifugal 0.5-2.0 volume%AAQuantity of sediment needed to obtain this concentration wi
23、ll vary dependingupon size of container needed to perform test method.D 4822 88 (2003)2REFERENCES(1) Edwards, T. K., and Glysson, G. D.,“Field Methods for Measurementof Fluvial Sediment,” U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, Book 3, Chapter 2, 1988.(2) Guy, H. P., “La
24、boratory Theory and Methods for Sediment Analysis,”U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations,Book 5, Chapter C1, p. 58, 1969.(3) Vanoni, V. A., “Sedimentation Engineering,” American Society ofCivil Engineering, Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice, No.54, p. 745, 197
25、5.(4) U.S. Inter-Agency Committee on Water Resources, Subcommittee onSedimentation, “Operators Manual on the Visual-Accumulation-TubeMethod for Sediment Analysis of Sands,” Report K of Sediment Loadsin Streams, p. 28, 1958.(5) Ritter, J. R., and Helley, E. J., “Optical Method for DeterminingParticle
26、 Size of Course Sediment,” U.S. Geological Survey Techniquesof Water-Resources Investigations, Book 5, Chapter C3, p. 33, 1969.(6) Allen, T., Particle Size Measurement, Chapman and Hall Ltd., London,England, p. 454, 1975.(7) Stockman, J. D., and Fochtman, E. G., “Particle Size Analysis,” AnnArbor Sc
27、ience, Ann Arbor, MI, p. 140, 1977.(8) U.S. Inter-Agency Committee on Water Resources, Subcommittee onSedimentation, “Measurement and Analysis of Sediment Loads inStreams,” Report No. 4, Methods of Analyzing Sediment Samples,p.203, 1941.(9) Symposium on Particle Size Measurement, ASTM STP 234, ASTM,
28、1958, p. 310.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of suc
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31、 ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D 4822 88 (2003)3
