1、Designation: D 4830 98 (Reapproved 2006)Standard Test Methods forCharacterizing Thermoplastic Fabrics Used in Roofing andWaterproofing1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4830; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case o
2、f revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover the procedures for character-izing thermoplastic fabrics (for exampl
3、e polyester, polyamide,polypropylene, and so forth) used in prefabricated roofing andwaterproofing membranes.1.2 Procedures appear in the following order:SectionUnit Mass 3Thickness 4Breaking Load, Elongation and Work-to-Break 5Trapezoid Tearing Strength 6Puncture Strength 7Static Heat Stability 8Dy
4、namic Heat Stability 91.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior
5、to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for TextilesD 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 885 Test Methods for Tire Cords, Tire Cord Fabrics, andIndustrial Filament Yarns Made from ManufacturedOrganic-Base FibersD 1117 Guide for Evaluating N
6、onwoven FabricsD 1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD 4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics for TestingD 5035 Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation ofTextile Fabrics (Strip Method)D 5729 Test Method for Thickness of Nonwoven FabricsD 5733 Test Method for Tearing Strengt
7、h of NonwovenFabrics by the Trapezoid ProcedureE 1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE 18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness and RockwellSuperficial Hardness of Metallic Materials3. Unit Mass3.1 Determine the unit mass of the fabric using proceduresdescribed in Test Methods D 1117.
8、Report in g/m2or oz/yd2.4. Thickness4.1 Determine fabric thickness following procedures de-scribed in Test Method D 5729.5. Breaking Load, Elongation, and Work-to-Break5.1 Determine the breaking load and elongation by the cutstrip method described in Test Method D 5035 with thefollowing exceptions:5
9、.1.1 Test SpecimensCut each specimen 51 6 1 mm (2.06 0.05 in.) wide and 203 6 1 mm (8.0 6 0.05 in.) long. Thegage length shall be 152 6 1 mm (6.0 6 0.05 in.).5.1.2 ApparatusThe apparatus shall be a CRE (ConstantRate of Extension) machine described in Specification D76.The machine will be set for an
10、extension rate of 5 mm/s or 12in./min.5.2 CalculationReport textile conditions and the averagebreaking load in N/m or lbf/in. and the elongation at break inpercent.5.3 Work-to-BreakThe procedure and calculation shall beas described in Test Methods D 885 with the exception that theload-elongation cur
11、ve will be from specimens used in deter-mining breaking load and elongation as described in 5.1 and5.2.6. Trapezoid Tearing Strength6.1 Determine trapezoid tearing strength of the fabric fol-lowing procedures described in Test Method D 5733.7. Puncture Strength7.1 Scope:7.1.1 This test method is use
12、d to measure the puncturestrength of thermoplastic fabrics used in roofing.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D08 onRoofing and Waterproofing and are the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD08.04 on Felts and Fabrics.Current edition approved Aug. 15, 2006. Published A
13、ugust 2006. Originallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as D 4830 98.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document S
14、ummary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.7.1.2 This procedure is applicable to conditioned fabrics.7.2 Summary of Method:7.2.1 A specimen of the fabric is clamped without tensionbetween grooved,
15、circular plates of a ring clamp attachmentsecured in a tensile testing machine. A force is exerted againstthe center of the specimen by a solid steel rod attached to theload indicator until rupture occurs.7.3 Significance and Use:7.3.1 Puncture failures are recognized in the roofing indus-try. Punct
16、ure strength is felt to reflect the fabrics ability towithstand aggregate or ballast stone penetration. This testmethod is used to obtain the relative puncture resistance ofvarious fabrics.7.4 Apparatus:7.4.1 Tensile Testing Machine, of the constant-rate-of exten-sion type (CRE), with autographic re
17、corder conforming to therequirements of Specification D76.7.4.2 Ring Clamp Attachment, consisting of concentricgrooved plates with an internal diameter of 44.45 6 0.025 mm(1.750 6 0.001 in.), capable of clamping fabrics withoutslippage.7.4.3 Solid Steel Rod, with a hardness in the range ofRockwell C
18、 (HRC) 50 to 60, with a diameter of 7.938 6 0.013mm (0.3125 6 0.0005 in.) and a hemispherical end with aradius of 3.970 6 0.013 mm (0.1563 6 0.0005 in.) forcontacting the fabric surface (see Fig. 1). The surface of thehemispherical end should be smooth and polished to a surfacesmoothness of RMS # 8.
19、 (RMS is the root-mean-squaremethod of describing surface smoothness.)37.5 Sampling, Number of Specimens, and Selection ofSamples:7.5.1 Lot SampleAs a lot sample for acceptance testing,take at random the number of rolls of fabric directed in anapplicable material specification or other agreement bet
20、weenthe purchaser and the supplier, such as agreement to sample asdirected in Practice D 4354. Consider rolls of fabric to be theprimary sampling units.7.5.2 Laboratory SampleTake, for the laboratory sample,a sample extending the width of the fabric and approximately1.0 m (39 in.) along with the sel
21、vage from each roll in the lotsample. The sample may be taken from the end portion of a rollprovided there is no evidence that it is distorted or differentfrom other portions of the roll. In cases of dispute, take asample that will exclude fabric from the outer wrap of the rollor the inner wrap arou
22、nd the core.7.5.3 Unless otherwise agreed upon or specified in appli-cable material specifications, test a number of specimens fromeach laboratory sample that will give a precision of 65 % at aprobability level of 90 %, not to exceed ten specimens persample.7.6 Preparation of Test Specimen:7.6.1 Eac
23、h specimen shall be cut 76 by 76 mm (3.0 by 3.0in.) to ensure proper clamping. Specimens should be taken onthe diagonal across the sample so that no two specimens willcontain the same machine direction and cross machine direc-tion yarns or fibers. Unless otherwise specified, no specimenshould be tak
24、en within 51 mm (2.0 in.) of the selvage or edge.7.7 Conditioning:7.7.1 Condition the specimens as directed in PracticeD 1776.7.8 Procedure:7.8.1 All testing must be conducted at standard textilelaboratory conditions as required in Practice D 1776.7.8.2 Select the load range of the tensile testing m
25、achinesuch that the rupture occurs between 15 and 85 % of thefull-scale load.7.8.3 Center and secure the specimen between the groovedplates, ensuring that the fabric extends beyond the outer edgesof the plates.7.8.4 Measurement of Rupturing LoadTest at a machinespeed of 5 mm/s or 12 in./min until th
26、e puncture rod com-pletely ruptures the specimen. Read the puncture strength asthe greatest force in N (lbf) registered on the recordinginstrument during the test.3See Machinerys Handbook, 19th ed., Industrial Press, H. L. Horton, ed.FIG. 1 Steel RodD 4830 98 (2006)27.8.5 If the yarns or fibers fail
27、 to break due to the slippageof the specimen in the ring clamp or if the rod slips between theyarns or fibers without causing yarn or fiber breakage, discardthe result and test another specimen.7.9 Calculation:7.9.1 Calculate the average of the rupturing load for allacceptable test results as read d
28、irectly from the recordinginstrument.7.10 Report:7.10.1 Report all of the following:7.10.1.1 Product(s) or material(s) sampled.7.10.1.2 Test method used, identifying both the type ofspecimen and type of testing machine.7.10.1.3 Sample conditioning.7.10.1.4 Average puncture strength in N (lbf) of the
29、 speci-mens tested and number of specimens.7.10.1.5 Variation, if any, from the described test method.7.11 Precision and Bias:7.11.1 PrecisionThe precision of the procedure in this testfor measuring puncture strength is being determined.7.11.2 BiasSince there is no accepted reference materialsuitabl
30、e for determining the bias for the procedure in this testfor puncture strength, no statement on bias is being made.8. Static Heat Stability8.1 Scope:8.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the heatstability of thermoplastic fabrics at typical asphalt applicationtemperatures during manufac
31、ture of prefabricated membrane.8.2 Summary of Method:8.2.1 Fabric specimens are placed in an oven for a fixedamount of time at a specific temperature. The change in lengthof each specimen is recorded and expressed as a percentage ofthe original length.8.2.2 This process is performed at four temperat
32、ures, and aplot can be made comparing the percent change in lengthversus temperature.8.3 Significance and Use:8.3.1 This test method is used to determine the comparativeheat stability of thermoplastic fabrics, as received, at typicalasphalt application temperatures.8.4 Apparatus:8.4.1 Self-Supportin
33、g Aluminum Mounting BoardDetailson the construction and dimensions are described inAnnexA1.8.4.2 Oven, mechanical-convection type, for controlled cir-culation of air. The oven must be capable of containing themounting board, and shall be equipped with a temperature-control system designed to maintai
34、n oven temperatures at thelevels specified in 8.7.1 with a precision of 61C (62F). Theoven should also be equipped with a visible thermometerwhich measures the inside oven temperature.8.4.3 Ruler, graduated at 1.0 mm or132 in. and at least 25mm (1.0 in.) wide.8.4.4 Clips, noninsulated alligator clip
35、s weighing no morethan 1.4 g (0.05 oz) each.8.4.5 Timing Device, reading in minutes with an audiblealarm.8.4.6 Marking Pen, indelible ink or felt-tip marker, capableof marking specimens.8.5 Preparation of Specimens:8.5.1 Take the specimens for the measurement of the staticheat stability for the mach
36、ine direction from different positionsacross the fabric and for the cross machine direction fromdifferent positions along the length of the fabric.8.5.2 Test specimens should be cut no closer than 51 mm(2.0 in.) from the selvage and no closer than 1 m (39 in.) fromthe end of the roll.8.5.3 Each spec
37、imen should be 267 6 3 mm (10.5 618 in.)long and 25 6 3mm(1618 in.) wide.8.5.4 Cut twelve specimens from the sample with their longdimension parallel to the machine direction. Label each speci-men as a machine direction specimen.8.5.5 Cut twelve specimens from the sample with their longdimension par
38、allel to the cross machine direction. Label eachspecimen as a cross machine direction specimen.8.5.6 Marking the Specimens:8.5.6.1 Lay out a specimen fully extended on a flat, hori-zontal surface. Draw a line on the specimen 6 mm (14 in.) fromthe end, parallel to the short dimension (width). Draw a
39、similarline on the other end of the specimen.8.5.6.2 Prepare the other specimens as in 8.5.6.1.8.6 Conditioning:8.6.1 Condition the specimens as directed in PracticeD 1776.8.7 Procedure:8.7.1 Perform 8.7.1.1-8.7.1.9 at the following suggestedtemperatures: 177, 191, 204, and 218 6 1C (350, 375, 400,a
40、nd 425 6 2F).8.7.1.1 Set the oven to the desired test temperature andallow to stabilize a minimum of12 h.8.7.1.2 Select three machine direction specimens and threecross machine direction specimens. Measure and record thedistance between the two scribed lines to the nearest 1.0 mm or132 in., numberin
41、g the specimens as necessary.8.7.1.3 Place the mounting board in a horizontal positionand secure the tops of the six specimens in the clamps up to thetop 6-mm (14-in.) line.8.7.1.4 Attach an alligator clip at the center of the loweredge of each specimen. Do not place the clip higher than thelower 6-
42、mm (14-in.) line.8.7.1.5 When the oven temperature has stabilized, put themounting board in its vertical position (as shown in Fig. A1.1)in the oven.8.7.1.6 Check the oven temperature. Once the oven tem-perature has returned to the desired test temperature, set thetiming device for 5 min. Do not all
43、ow the oven temperature toexceed the test temperature.8.7.1.7 When timing is completed, remove the assemblyfrom the oven and place it vertically at room temperature.Leave the specimens on the mounting board for 15 min withalligator clips still attached.8.7.1.8 Remove the alligator clips and release
44、the specimensfrom the board. Lay the specimens on a flat surface and allowthem to condition an additional 15 min before any measure-ments are made.D 4830 98 (2006)38.7.1.9 To measure the specimen length, cover the specimenwith the ruler. Measure the length of the specimen between thetwo lines while
45、the specimen is being pressed flat by the ruler.Record this length for each specimen to the nearest 1.0 mm or132 in.8.8 Calculations:8.8.1 Calculate the average length between the scribed linesfor the machine direction specimens and for the cross machinedirection specimens at each test temperature,
46、before and afterexposure to the oven.8.8.2 Calculate the percentage change in length for themachine direction and cross machine direction specimens ateach test temperature as follows:Percent Change in Length 5 A 2 B!/B 3 100 (1)where:A = average length between lines after exposure, andB = average le
47、ngth between lines before exposure.8.8.2.1 A positive sign for the percent change in lengthindicates an increase in specimen length upon heating. Anegative sign indicates a decrease in specimen length uponheating.8.9 Report:8.9.1 State that the tests were carried out as directed in thistest method a
48、nd report the static heat stability as the percentchange in length for both the machine and cross machinedirections at each specific temperature. Describe the product(s)or material(s) sampled, the number of specimens and themethod of sampling used.8.9.2 The data may be expressed in the form of a gra
49、phindicating the percent change in length versus temperature forboth the machine and cross machine directions.8.10 Precision and Bias:8.10.1 PrecisionThe precision of the procedure in this testfor measuring static heat stability is being determined.8.10.2 BiasSince there is no accepted reference materialsuitable for determining the bias for the procedure in this testfor static heat stability, no statement on bias is being made.9. Dynamic Heat Stability9.1 Scope:9.1.1 This test method covers the determination of thedynamic heat stability of thermoplasti
