1、Designation: D 4832 02Standard Test Method forPreparation and Testing of Controlled Low Strength Material(CLSM) Test Cylinders1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4832; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisi
2、on, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope *1.1 This test method covers procedures for the preparation,curing, transporting and testing of cylindri
3、cal test specimens ofcontrolled low strength material (CLSM) for the determinationof compressive strength.1.2 This test method also may be used to prepare and testspecimens of other mixtures of soil and cementitious materials,such as self-cementing fly ashes.1.3 CLSM is also known as flowable fill,
4、controlled densityfill, soil-cement slurry, soil-cement grout, unshrinkable fill,K-Krete, and other similar names.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The inch-pound equivalents are shown for informa-tion only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesa
5、fety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:C 31 Practoce fo
6、r Making and Curing Concrete Test Speci-mens in the Field2C 39 Test Method for Compressive Strength of CylindricalConcrete Specimens2C 192 Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Speci-mens in the Laboratory2C 470 Specification for Molds for Forming Concrete TestCylinders Vertically2C 617 Pract
7、ice for Capping Cylindrical Concrete Speci-mens2C 1231 Practice for Use of Unbonded Caps in Determina-tion of Compressive Strength of Hardened Concrete Cyl-indersD 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluids3D 3740 Practice for Agencies Engaged in the Testing and/orInspection of Soil
8、 and Rock as Used in EngineeringDesign and Construction3D 5971 Practice for Sampling Freshly Mixed ControlledLow Strength Material (CLSM)4D 6023 Test Method for Unit Weight, Yield, and Air Con-tent (Gravimetric) of Controlled Low Strength Material(CLSM)4D 6024 Test Method for the Ball Drop on Contro
9、lled LowStrength Material (CLSM) to Determine Suitability forLoad Application4D 6103 Test Method for Flow Consistency of ControlledLow Strength Material (CLSM)43. Terminology3.1 Definitions3.1.1 For common definitions of terms in this standard, referto Terminology D 653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Spec
10、ific to This Standard:3.2.1 Controlled Low Strength Material (CLSM), nAmixture of soil, cementitious materials, water, and sometimesadmixtures, that hardens into a material with a higher strengththan the soil but less than 8400 kPa (1200 psi). Used as areplacement for compacted backfill, CLSM can be
11、 placed as aslurry, a mortar, or a compacted material and typically hasstrengths of 350 to 700 kPa (50 to 100 psi) for mostapplications.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Cylinders of CLSM are tested to determine the com-pressive strength of the material. The cylinders are prepared bypouring a representat
12、ive sample into molds, curing the cylin-ders, removing the cylinders from the molds,and capping thecylinders for compression testing. The cylinders are then testedto obtain compressive strengths. Duplicate cylinders are re-quired.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on S
13、oil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.15 on Stabilization withAdmixtures.Current edition approved July 10, 2002. Published September 2002. Originallypublished as D 4832 88. Last previous edition D 4832 95e12Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02.3Annual Book of ASTM Stan
14、dards, Vol 04.08.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.09.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is used to prepa
15、re and test cylindricalspecimens of CLSM to determine the compressive strength ofthe hardened material.5.2 CLSM is typically used as a backfill material aroundstructures, particularly in confined or limited spaces. Compres-sive strength testing is performed to assist in the design of themix and to s
16、erve as a control technique during construction.Mix design is typically based on 28-day strengths and con-struction control tests performed 7 days after placement. Thecompressive strength(s) and other test age(s) will vary accord-ing to the requirements for the end product. Additional infor-mation o
17、n the use and history of CLSM is contained inAppendix X1.5.3 This test is one of a series of quality control tests thatcan be performed on CLSM during construction to monitorcompliance with specification requirements. The other teststhat can be used during constructioncontrol of CLSM are TestMethods
18、 D 5971, D 6023, D 6024, and D 6103.5.4 There are many other combinations of soil, cement,flyash (cementitious or not), admixtures or other materials thatcould be tested using this method. The mixtures would varydepending on the intended use, availability of materials, andplacement requirements.NOTE
19、 1The quality of the result produced by this standard isdependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and thesuitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet thecriteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competentand objective testing/sampling/i
20、nspection/and the like. Users of thisstandard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D 3740 does not initself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors;Practice D 3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.6. Apparatus6.1 Single-Use Cylindrical MoldsPlastic
21、 single-use 15 cm(6-in.) diameter by 30 cm (12-in.) high molds with tight fittinglids, conforming to Specification C 470. Other sizes and typesof molds may be used as long as the length to diameter ratio is2 to 1. The 15-cm by 30-cm (6 in. by 12 in.) molds arepreferred because of the low strength of
22、 the material and thelarger surface area of the ends of the cylinders.6.2 Sampling and Mixing Receptacle The receptacle shallbe a suitable heavy-gage container, wheelbarrow, etc. ofsufficient capacity to allow easy sampling and mixing and toallow preparation of at least two cylinders and for other t
23、estssuch as described in Test Methods D 5971, D 6023, PS D6024,and D 6103.6.3 Storage ContainerA tightly constructed, insulated,firmly braced wooden box with a cover or other suitablecontainer for storage of the CLSM cylinders at the constructionsite. The container shall be equipped, as necessary, t
24、o maintainthe temperature immediately adjacent to the cylinders in therange of 16 to 27C (60 to 80F). The container shall bemarked for identification and shall be a bright color to avoiddisturbance.6.4 Transportation ContainerA sturdy wooden box orother suitable container constructed to minimize sho
25、ck, vibra-tion, or damage to the CLSM cylinders when transported to thelaboratory.6.5 Testing MachineThe testing machine shall meet therequirements as described in Test Method C 39.NOTE 2Since the compressive strength of CLSM cylinders willtypically be 100 kPa (about 15 to 1200 lbf/in.2), the testin
26、g machine musthave a loading range such that valid values of compressive strength can beobtained.6.6 Curing EnvironmentA curing environment (waterbath, damp sand, fog room) that meets the requirements ofMethod C 192. The cylinders may be cured in the same curingenvironment used for concrete cylinder
27、s at the laboratoryperforming the testing.6.7 Small ToolsTools and items that may be required suchas shovels, pails, trowels, and scoops.7. Hazards7.1 Technical PrecautionThe procedure for the prepara-tion of CLSM test cylinders has many similarities to preparingconcrete test cylinders (Practice C 3
28、1 and Practice C 192).However, the cylinders are much more fragile than concretecylinders, and special care should be taken in their preparation,storage, and handling.7.2 Safety Hazards:7.2.1 Strictly observe the safety precautions stated in Prac-tice C 617.7.2.2 If the cylinders are capped with mol
29、ten sulfur mortar,wear proper personnel protective equipment, including gloveswith cuffs at least 15 cm (6-in.) long.8. Sampling and Test Specimens8.1 Take samples of the CLSM for each test specimen inaccordance with D 5971. Record the identity of the CLSMrepresented and the time of casting.8.2 The
30、sample from the batch should be a minimum of 0.03m3(1 ft3) for each two cylinders to be prepared. Prepare aminimum of two compressive strength cylinders for each testage to represent each sampled batch. Additional material maybe required if other testing is to be performed, such as in TestMethods D
31、5971, D 6023, D 6024, and D 6103.NOTE 3In the initial stage of CLSM usage, preparation of threecylinders is recommended to obtain reliable compressive strength data foreach test age. Subsequently, two cylinders may be used to maintain testingrecords and to ascertain an overall quality of the mix. Ho
32、wever, since thecylinders are fragile and may be damaged during transportation, moldremoval, and capping, preparation of an extra cylinder may be necessaryto provide the minimum number of test specimens (see Note 8 and Note9). In addition, it may be useful to determine the density of the testcylinde
33、rs to help evaluate the uniformity of the compressive strengthvalues.9. Specimen Molding and Curing9.1 Place of MoldingMold specimens promptly on alevel, rigid, horizontal surface free from vibration and otherdisturbances. The specimens should be prepared at a place asnear as practicable to the loca
34、tion where they are to be storedduring the first four days.9.2 Placing the CLSM:9.2.1 Thoroughly mix the CLSM in the sampling andmixing receptacle.9.2.2 With a bucket or pail, scoop through the center portionof the receptacle and pour the CLSM into the cylinder mold.D4832022Repeat until the mold is
35、full. Place a lid on the mold.NOTE 4Use of an airtight lid has been known to cause low strengthmaterials to crack, possibly due to a creation of a vacuum inside the mold.If an airtight lid is contemplated, its use should be evaluated before doingroutine testing.NOTE 5Some mixtures will bleed rapidly
36、, that is, free water willappear in the mixing receptacle and the mold. Obtaining the material to fillthe cylinder must be done quickly after mixing. A few minutes after fillingthe mold, thoroughly mix the CLSM in the sampling and mixingreceptacle and place a scoopful in the top of the mold, displac
37、ing thewater. If possible, a slight mound of material should be left on the top ofthe mold. This refilling may be required again after about 15 min. Leavethe mound on the top of the mold and cover.9.3 Curing:9.3.1 Store the cylinders at the construction site in thestorage container until the fourth
38、day after preparation.9.3.2 The cylinders shall be stored under conditions thatmaintain the temperature immediately adjacent to the cylindersin the range of 16 to 27C (60 to 80F). The cylinders mustalways be protected from freezing. After the first day, providea high humidity environment by surround
39、ing the cylinders withwet burlap or other highly adsorbent material.9.3.3 On the fourth day, carefully transport the cylinders tothe site of the curing environment in the transportation con-tainer and place in a curing environment (see 6.6).9.3.4 The cylinders are typically left at the contruction s
40、itefor four days and then transported to a curing environment. Ifextremely low strength CLSM (below 350 kPa) would bedamaged by moving on the fourth day, then the cylinders are tobe placed in a water storage tank with a temperature between16 and 27C (60 and 80F) at the construction site until theyar
41、e able to be moved without damage.10. Capping the Cylinders10.1 On the day of testing, carefully remove the molds fromthe cylinders and allow the cylinders to air-dry for 4 to 8 hbefore capping. If the upper surface of the cylinder is not ahorizontal plane, use a wire brush to flatten the surface. B
42、rushoff all loose particles. Provide a cap for the cylinders using onethe following methods:10.1.1 Cap the cylinders using sulfur mortar in accordancewith Practice C 617.NOTE 6Sulfur mortars are not recommended for capping CLSMcylindrs because the strenght of the cap is generally significantly great
43、erthan the CLSM sylinder strength which may lead to erroneous results.10.1.2 Cap the cylinder using gypsum plaster in accordancewith Practice C 617.10.1.3 Use elastomeric pads in accordance with PracticeC 1231. The results of the qualification tests in Practice C 1231for acceptance of the caps must
44、not indicate a reduction ofstrength of more than 20 %, rather than 2 % as stated inPractice C 1231. The larger difference is acceptable because ofthe less critical uses of CLSM and 20 % is estimated to be theinherent variation in compressive strength results because ofthe lower strength values, for
45、example 350 kPa (50 psi).NOTE 7Although compressive strengths below 10 MPa (1500psi) arenot within the scope of Practice C 1231, acceptable results have beenfound in many laboratories. Qualification testing should be performedprior to using unbonded capping systems for acceptance testing of CLSMmixt
46、ures.10.2 Use the same capping method throughout each projectto avoid any variation in the test results from using differentcapping systems.NOTE 8CLSM cylinders are more fragile than concrete cylinders andmust be handled carefully during the mold removal and during capping.NOTE 9If sulfur mortar is
47、used as the capping compound, oil is placedon the capping plate to ensure release of the capping material from thecapping plate. More oil may be required on the capping plate whencapping CLSM cylinders than is normally used when capping concretecylinders. Capped CLSM cylinders will normally contain
48、more air voidsbetween the cap and the cylinder than capped concrete cylinders, and thisshould be considered if the caps are tapped to check for voids.11. Compressive Strength Testing11.1 Placing the SpecimenPlace the lower bearing block,with its hardened face up, on the table or platen of the testin
49、gmachine directly under the spherically seated (upper) bearingblock. Wipe clean the bearing faces of the upper and lowerbearing blocks and of the test specimen, and place the testspecimen on the lower bearing block. Carefully align the axisof the specimen with the center of thrust of the sphericallyseated block. As the spherically seated block is brought to bearon the top of the specimen, rotate its movable portion gently byhand so that uniform seating is obtained.11.2 Rate of LoadingApply the load continuously andwithout shock. Apply the load at a consta
