1、Designation: D 4833 07Standard Test Method forIndex Puncture Resistance of Geomembranes and RelatedProducts1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4833; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of las
2、t revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method is used to measure the index punctureresistance of geomembranes and related products.1.2 The use of Tes
3、t Method D 4833 may be inappropriatefor testing some woven geotextiles or related products whichhave large openings, such as geonets and geogrids.1.3 It is recommended that geotextile and geotextile relatedproducts be tested using Test Method D 6241.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regard
4、ed as thestandard. The values provided in inch-pound units are forinformation only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and
5、determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for TextilesD 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD 2905 Practice for Statements on Numbe
6、r of Specimensfor TextilesD 4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics for TestingD 4439 Terminology for GeosyntheticsD 6241 Test Method for the Static Puncture Strength ofGeotextiles and Geotextile-Related Products Using a50-mm Probe3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 atmosphere for testing geotex
7、tiles, n air maintainedat a relative humidity of 65 6 5 % and a temperature of 21 62C (70 6 4F).3.1.2 geomembrane, nvery low permeability syntheticmembrane liners or barriers used with any geotechnical engi-neering related material so as to control fluid migration in aman-made project, structure, or
8、 system.3.1.3 index test, na test procedure which may contain aknown bias but which may be used to establish an order for aset of specimens with respect to the property of interest.3.1.4 puncture resistance (F), nthe inherent resistingmechanism of the test specimen to the failure by a penetratingor
9、puncturing object.3.2 For definitions of other terms relating to geosyntheticsused in this standard, refer to Terminology D 4439.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A test specimen is clamped without tension betweencircular plates of a ring clamp attachment secured in a tensiletesting machine. A force is e
10、xerted against the center of theunsupported portion of the test specimen by a solid steel rodattached to the load indicator until rupture of the specimenoccurs. The maximum force recorded is the value of punctureresistance of the specimen.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is an index test
11、for determining thepuncture resistance of geomembranes and related products.The use of this test method is to establish an index value byproviding standard criteria and a basis for uniform reporting.5.2 This test method is considered satisfactory for accep-tance testing of commercial shipments of ge
12、omembranes andrelated materials since the test method has been used exten-sively in the trade for acceptance testing.5.2.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences inreported test results when using this test method for acceptancetesting of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the sup-plier
13、should conduct comparative tests to determine if there isa statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statis-tical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias.As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of testspecimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are1T
14、his test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 onGeosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.01 on Mechani-cal Properties.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2007. Published January 2008. Originallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D4 83
15、300.e1.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive,
16、PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Copyright by ASTM Intl (all rights reserved); Wed Mar 19 01:37:41 EST 2008Downloaded/printed byGuo Dehua (CNIS) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.from a lot material of the type in question. The test specim
17、ensshould then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to eachlaboratory for testing. The average results from the twolaboratories should be compared using Students t-test forunpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by thetwo parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, eit
18、herits cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and thesupplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light ofthe known bias.6. Apparatus6.1 Tensile/Compression Testing Machine, of the constant-rate-of extension (CRE) type, with autographic recorder con-forming to the requirem
19、ents of Specification D76. See Fig. 1.6.2 Ring Clamp Attachment, consisting of concentric plateswith an open internal diameter of 45 6 0.025 mm (1.772 60.001 in.), capable of clamping the test specimen withoutslippage. A suggested clamping arrangement is shown in Fig. 1and Fig. 2. The external diame
20、ter is to be a minimum of 100(3.937 ). The diameter of the six holes used for securing thering clamp assembly is suggested to be 8 mm (0.135 in.) andequally spaced at a radius of 37 mm (2.95 in.). The surfaces ofthese plates can consist of grooves with O-rings or coarsesandpaper bonded onto opposing
21、 surfaces.6.3 Solid Steel Rod, with a diameter of 8 6 0.1 mm (0.31560.004 in.) having a flat end with a 45 = 0.8 mm (0.315 in.)chamfered edge contacting the test specimens surface. SeeFig. 1 and Fig. 3.7. Sampling7.1 Lot SampleDivide the product into lots and take thelot sample as directed in Practi
22、ce D 4354.7.2 Laboratory SampleFor the laboratory sample, take aswatch extending the full width and of sufficient length alongthe selvage, from each sample roll so that the requirements of7.3 and 8.1 can be met. Take a sample that will excludeFIG. 1 Photographs of Test Setup and FixtureD4833072Copyr
23、ight by ASTM Intl (all rights reserved); Wed Mar 19 01:37:41 EST 2008Downloaded/printed byGuo Dehua (CNIS) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.material from the outer wrap and inner wrap around the coreunless the sample is taken at the production site, then inner andou
24、ter wrap material may be used.7.3 Test SpecimensSelect from the laboratory sample thenumber of specimens directed in Section 8. Minimum speci-men diameter is 100 mm (4 in.) to facilitate clamping. Spacethe specimens along a diagonal on the unit of the laboratorysample. Take no specimens nearer the s
25、elvage or edge of thegeotextile sample than110 the width of the geotextile sample.8. Number of Specimens8.1 Reliable Estimate of vWhen there is a reliable esti-mate of v based on extensive past records for similar materialstested in the users laboratory, calculate the number of speci-mens per unit i
26、n the laboratory sample using Eq 1:n 5 tv/a!25 tv!2/36 (1)where:n = number of specimens (rounded upward to a wholenumber),v = reliable estimate of the coefficient of variation forindividual observations on similar materials in theusers laboratory under conditions of single-operatorprecision,t = valu
27、e of Students test for two-sided limits (see Table1) a 95 % probability level, and the degrees offreedom associated with the estimate of v, andA = 6 % of the average, the value of the allowable vari-able.8.2 No Reliable Estimate of vWhen there is no reliableestimate of v in the users laboratory, spe
28、cify the fixed numberof 5 specimens for geomembranes per swatch in the laboratorysample and 5 for other related products. This number ofspecimens is calculated using v = 10 % of the average, whichis a somewhat larger value of v than is usually found inpractice. When a reliable estimate of v for the
29、users laboratoryFIG. 2 Test Fixture Detail (Not to Scale)FIG. 3 Test Probe Detail (Not to Scale)TABLE 1 Values of Students t for Two-Sided Limits and the95 % ProbabilityAdf t.025 df t.025 df t.0251 12.706 11 2.201 21 2.0802 4.303 12 2.179 22 2.0743 3.182 13 2.160 23 2.0694 2.776 14 2.145 24 2.0645 2
30、.571 15 2.131 25 2.0606 2.447 16 2.120 26 2.0567 2.365 17 2.110 27 2.0528 2.306 18 2.101 28 2.0489 2.262 19 2.093 29 2.04510 2.228 20 2.086 inf. 1.960AValues in this table were calculated using Hewlett Packard HP 67/97 UsersLibrary Programs 03848D, “One-Sided and Two-Sided Critical Values of Student
31、st” and 00350D, “Improved Normal and Inverse Distribution.” For values at otherthan the 95 % probability level, see published tables of critical values of Studentst in any standard statistical text. Further use of this table is defined in Practice D2905.D4833073Copyright by ASTM Intl (all rights res
32、erved); Wed Mar 19 01:37:41 EST 2008Downloaded/printed byGuo Dehua (CNIS) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.becomes available, Eq 1 will usually require fewer than 15specimens per swatch in the laboratory sample.9. Conditioning9.1 Bring the specimens to moisture equi
33、librium in theatmosphere for testing (3.1). Equilibrium is considered to havebeen reached when the increase in the mass of the specimen, insuccessive weighings made at intervals of not less than 2 h,does not exceed 0.1 % of the mass of the specimen.10. Procedure10.1 Select the load range of the tens
34、ile/compression testingmachine such that the rupture occurs between 10 and 90 % ofthe full-scale load.10.2 Center and secure the specimen between the holdingplates ensuring that the test specimen extends to or beyond theouter edges of the clamping plates.10.3 Test at a machine speed of 300 6 10 mm (
35、12 in. 612in.)/min until the puncture rod completely ruptures the testspecimen.NOTE 1The rate of testing specified is not an indication of theperformance of the specimen for its end use.10.4 Read the puncture resistance from the greatest forceregistered on the recording instrument during the test. F
36、or thetesting of composite geomembrane materials, there may be adouble peak. If so, the initial value should be reported even ifthe second peak is higher than the first one.11. Calculation11.1 Calculate the average puncture resistance and standarddeviation for all tests as read directly from the rec
37、ordinginstrument.12. Report12.1 State that the specimens were treated as directed in TestMethod D 4833.12.2 Report on the following information:12.2.1 The method of holding the test specimen in theclamping device.12.2.2 The average puncture resistance of the specimenstested.12.2.3 The coefficient of
38、 variation (if known) and standarddeviation for each group of specimens.12.2.4 The variation, if any, from the described test method.13. Precision and Bias13.1 PrecisionThe precision of the procedure in this testmethod for measuring the puncture resistance of geotextiles,geomembranes, and related ma
39、terials is being established.13.2 BiasThe procedure in this test method for measuringthe puncture resistance of geomembranes and related materialshas no bias because the value of that property can be definedonly in terms of a test method.14. Keywords14.1 geomembranes; puncture; puncture resistanceAS
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44、 at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D4833074Copyright by ASTM Intl (all rights reserved); Wed Mar 19 01:37:41 EST 2008Downloaded/printed byGuo Dehua (CNIS) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
