1、Designation: D 4843 88 (Reapproved 2004)e1Standard Test Method forWetting and Drying Test of Solid Wastes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4843; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTEEditorial changes were made in June 2004.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers procedures for determiningmaterial losses produced
3、by repeated wetting and drying ofsolid waste specimens. It also covers the visual observation ofthe disintegration of solid specimens.1.2 This test method intends that the material used in theprocedure be physically, chemically, and biologically represen-tative; hence it does not address problems as
4、 a result of theinhomogeneity of specimens.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulato
5、ry limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 305 Practice for Mechanical Mixing of Hydraulic CementPastes and Mortars of Plastic ConsistencyD 2216 Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Water(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock3. Significance and Use3.1 This test meth
6、od is intended for the evaluation of thewetting and drying resistance of monolithic, solid, solidified/stabilized wastes under the testing conditions of this testmethod.3.2 This test method may be used for the comparison ofwetting and drying resistance of wastes.3.3 Data tabulated in Table 1, Table
7、2, and Table 3 may beused to observe irregularities caused by inhomogeneity ofspecimens and/or comparison of mass loss-cycle relations ofdifferent wastes, as well as to measure method-related masslosses such as matrix dissolution.4. Apparatus4.1 Disposable Molds, 44 mm inside diameter by 74 mm inlen
8、gth.4.2 Balance or Scale, with a capacity at least 50 % greaterthan the mass of the specimen and beaker, and a sensitivity of0.01 g.4.3 Drying Oven, a thermostatically controlled drying ovencapable of maintaining a temperature of 60 6 2C; to be usedfor drying moisture specimen and for the solids con
9、tentdetermination.4.4 Oven, capable of maintaining a temperature of 60 63C; at a nitrogen purge rate specified in 4.5.4.5 Flow Controller, to set nitrogen purge flow at a rate thatwill give 30 6 5 min residence time.4.6 Moisture Chamber, a suitably covered container capableof maintaining a temperatu
10、re of 20 6 3C and minimum 95 %relative humidity, for preconditioning specimens.4.7 Beakers, 400-mL size (narrow type), to store sample andto collect particulates.4.8 Tongs, to handle samples.5. Sample Preparation5.1 Specimen Size44 mm diameter by 74 mm in length.5.1.1 Specimens may be cut to size fr
11、om larger samples.5.1.2 Specimens can also be molded in disposable plasticmolds. When molding specimens refer to Practice C 305 (see2.1).NOTE 1Practice C 305 refers to pastes and mortars. Molding materi-als with different consistency may require modifications and may result indifferent precision.5.2
12、 Condition samples that are not molded for this test in themoisture chamber for a period of seven days.5.2.1 Samples molded for this test have to be cured in themoisture chamber for a period of 28 days.6. Procedure6.1 Select one specimen for moisture content determination.6.2 Determine moisture cont
13、ent of sample with Test MethodD 2216 but revised to use a temperature of 60 6 3C (seesection 2.2).6.3 Select three specimens for testing and three for controland mark them respectively.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the direct responsibili
14、ty of Subcommittee D34.01.06 onAnalytical Methods.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2004. Published March 2004. Originallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D 4843 88 (1999).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service
15、at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6.4 Weigh specimens (accuracy to 0.01 g).6.5 Pla
16、ce each specimen into a beaker of known tare mass(accuracy to 0.01 g) and cover it.6.5.1 Use watch glass or plastic wrap.6.5.2 The tare mass of beaker shall be determined afterdrying in accordance with Test Method D 2216.6.6 Place the three beakers containing the testing specimensin an oven. Maintai
17、n the temperature at 60 6 3C for 24 hwhile purging the oven with nitrogen gas at the controlled flowrate corresponding to 30 6 5 min residence time.6.6.1 In order to remove moisture from the nitrogen stream,a water-cooled condenser and condensate collection flask maybe used downstream from the oven.
18、6.7 Store the three beakers with the control specimens in themoisture chamber at 20C for 24 h.6.8 Remove the specimens from the vacuum oven and themoisture chamber. Allow 1 h for the sample to cool to roomtemperature. Add 230 mL distilled water to the beaker to fullycover the specimens.6.8.1 Add lab
19、oratory temperature water 20 6 3C.6.9 Place a watch glass or plastic wrap on the beakers andstore the water covered specimens at 20 6 3C for 23 h; thentransfer them to new beakers prepared according to 6.5.6.9.1 Use tongs to transfer specimens. Excessive tong pres-sure may result in premature failur
20、e or damage specimen.6.10 Remove any loosely attached particulates by sprayingdistilled water from a wash bottle to the surface of specimen(10 to 20 mL distilled water). Let the water drain into thebeaker of origin.D 4843 88 (2004)e126.11 Conduct visual observation on the specimens physicaldeteriora
21、tion including: cracking, fracturing, integrity, andsurface roughness.6.12 Determine the specimens mass loss; solid content inbeakers by evaporating water at 60 6 3C in drying oven.6.13 Correct the average relative mass loss of samples usingthe average relative mass loss of control specimens.6.14 Re
22、peat the procedures in 6.5 through 6.10 elevenadditional times, for a total of 12 cycles.6.15 Terminate experiment of all specimens if the correctedcumulative mass loss of any of the specimens exceeds 30 %(failure), and note the number of cycles survived.7. Calculation7.1 Calculate the dry mass of t
23、he specimens as follows:Ms5S1 2w100 %DMsw(1)where:Ms= oven dry mass of specimen, gMsw= initial mass of specimen, g, andw = moisture content, %.It is assumed that the moisture contents of specimens areidentical. Oven dry masses of sample and control specimensare calculated on that basis.7.2 Calculate
24、 corrected mass loss of specimens after eachcycle. Express mass loss in percent of initial calculatedoven-dry mass. Calculate average cumulated corrected massloss of specimens after each cycle.Wi,s,j5 Ti,s,j2 Bi,s,j(2)where:Wi,s,j= mass loss of sample j during cycle i,g,Ti,s,j= oven-dry mass of beak
25、er and residue of sample jafter cycle i,g,andBi,s,j= oven-dry mass of beaker for sample j beforecycle i,g.Wi,c,j5 Ti,c,j2 Bi,c,j(3)where:Wi,c,j= mass loss of control j during cycle i,g,Ti,c,j= oven-dry mass of beaker and residue of control jafter cycle i,g,andBi,c,j= oven-dry mass of beaker for cont
26、rol j before cyclei,g.Ri,s,j5Wi,s,jMs,j(4)where:Ri,s,j= relative mass loss of sample j during cycle i,%,Wi,s,j= mass loss of sample j during cycle i,g,andMs,j= oven-dry mass of specimen j,g.Ri,c,j5Wi,c,jMc,j(5)where:Ri,c,j= relative mass loss of control j during cycle i,%,Wi,c,j= mass loss of contro
27、l j during cycle i,g,andMc,j= oven-dry mass of control j,g.Ri,s5(j 5 123Ri,s,j3(6)where:Ri,s= average relative mass loss of samples (j =13)during cycle i,%,andRi,s,j= relative mass loss of sample j during cycle i,%.Ri,c5(j 5 123Ri,c,j3(7)where:Ri,c= average relative mass loss of control (j =13)durin
28、g cycle i,%,andRi,c,j= relative mass loss of control j during cycle i,%.Ci5 Ri,s2 Ri,c(8)where:Ci= average corrected relative mass loss of samples(j =13)during cycle i,%,Ri,s= average relative mass loss of samples (j =13)during cycle i,%,andRi,c= average relative mass loss of control (j =13)during c
29、ycle i,%.Si5(i 5 12iCi(9)where:D 4843 88 (2004)e13Si= average cumulated, corrected relative mass loss ofsamples after i cycles, %, andCi= average corrected relative mass loss of samples(j =13)during cycle i,%.S5 ( CiI 5 1212(10)where:S= average cumulated, corrected relative mass loss ofsamples after
30、 12 cycles, %, andCi= average corrected relative mass loss of samples(j =13)during cycle i,%.8. Report8.1 Report the following information:8.1.1 Moisture content of specimens.8.1.2 Average cumulative, corrected relative mass loss after12 cycles. ( S)8.1.3 Number of cycles survived if the specimens d
31、id notsurvive 12 cycles of testing.8.1.4 Results of visual observation after each cycle (physi-cal deterioration).9. Precision and Bias39.1 The precision of this test method, in terms of standarddeviation, was determined in an interlaboratory experimentinvolving five laboratories, two types of sampl
32、es and respec-tive controls. Duplicates of samples and controls were mea-sured in each laboratory.9.2 The precision of this test method can be expressed asfollows:Sample Code Mean ( X) Standard Deviation(s)LFPCFP0.0240.1120.0380.1389.3 The precision of this test method may be dependent onthe level o
33、f the properties measured.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infrin
34、gement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard
35、 or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views
36、 known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).3Supporting data are available from ASTM Headquarters. Request RR: D34-1004.D 4843 88 (2004)e14
