1、Designation: D4844 16Standard Guide forAir Monitoring at Waste Management Facilities for WorkerProtection1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4844; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last r
2、evision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide is intended to provide a standardized ap-proach for establishing and carrying out an air monitoringprogram to pro
3、tect workers at waste management facilities.This guide may apply to routine operations at an activetreatment, storage, or disposal site or the extraordinary condi-tions that can be encountered in opening and cleaning up aremedial action site.1.2 The user shall understand that it is impossible to pre
4、dictall the issues that could arise at a waste management facilitydue to hazardous airborne emissions.Although air contaminantmeasurements obtained in accordance with this guide mayindicate acceptable or tolerable levels of toxic agents arepresent, care and judgment must still be exercised beforecon
5、cluding that all atmospheric contaminants at the site areunder control and that a reasonable safe work environmentexists.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis ofAtmospheresD1605 Practices for Sampling Atmospheres for Analysis ofGases and Vapor
6、s (Withdrawn 1992)3D2820 Test Method for C Through C Hydrocarbons in theAtmosphere by Gas Chromatography (Withdrawn 1993)3D2913 Test Method for Mercaptan Content of the Atmo-sphereD3162 Test Method for Carbon Monoxide in the Atmo-sphere (Continuous Measurement by Nondispersive Infra-red Spectrometry
7、)D3249 Practice for General Ambient Air Analyzer Proce-duresD3269 Test Methods for Analysis for Fluoride Content ofthe Atmosphere and Plant Tissues (Manual Procedures)(Withdrawn 2010)3D3413 Test Method for Lead (Inorganic) in WorkplaceAtmospheres by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (With-drawn 1989)3D
8、3449 Test Method for Sulfur Dioxide in Workplace Atmo-spheres (Barium Perchlorate Method) (Withdrawn 1989)3D3476 Test Method for bis (Chloromethyl) Ether (bis CME)in Workplace Atmospheres (Gas Chromatography-MassSpectrometry (Withdrawn 1989)3D3614 Guide for Laboratories Engaged in Sampling andAnalys
9、is of Atmospheres and EmissionsD3686 Practice for Sampling Atmospheres to Collect Or-ganic Compound Vapors (Activated Charcoal Tube Ad-sorption Method)D3687 Practice for Analysis of Organic Compound VaporsCollected by the Activated Charcoal Tube AdsorptionMethodD3824 Test Methods for Continuous Meas
10、urement of Ox-ides of Nitrogen in theAmbient or WorkplaceAtmosphereby the Chemiluminescent MethodD4185 Practice for Measurement of Metals in WorkplaceAtmospheres by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectropho-tometryD4240 Test Method for Airborne Asbestos Concentration inWorkplace Atmosphere (Withdrawn 1995)
11、3D4323 Test Method for Hydrogen Sulfide in theAtmosphereby Rate of Change of ReflectanceD4490 Practice for Measuring the Concentration of ToxicGases or Vapors Using Detector TubesD4532 Test Method for Respirable Dust in Workplace At-mospheres Using Cyclone SamplersD4599 Practice for Measuring the Co
12、ncentration of ToxicGases or Vapors Using Length-of-Stain DosimetersD4600 Test Method for Determination of Benzene-SolubleParticulate Matter in Workplace AtmospheresD4687 Guide for General Planning of Waste SamplingD5681 Terminology for Waste and Waste Management1This guide is under the jurisdiction
13、 of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.01 onPlanning for Sampling.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2016. Published February 2016. Originallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D4844 03(2009).DOI: 10.1520/D4844-16.2For
14、 referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referen
15、ced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D6561 Test Method for Determination of Aerosol Mono-meric and Oligomeric Hexamethylene Diisocyanate (HDl)in Air with (Methoxy-2phenyl-1) Piperazine (MOPIP) inthe Workp
16、laceD6562 Test Method for Determination of Gaseous Hexam-ethylene Diisocyanate (HDI) in Air with 9-(N-methylaminomethyl) Anthracene Method (MAMA) in theWorkplaceD6785 Test Method for Determination of Lead in WorkplaceAir Using Flame or Graphite Furnace Atomic AbsorptionSpectrometryD6832 Test Method
17、for the Determination of HexavalentChromium in Workplace Air by Ion Chromatography andSpectrophotometric Measurement Using 1,5-diphenylcarbazideD7035 Test Method for Determination of Metals and Met-alloids in Airborne Particulate Matter by InductivelyCoupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-
18、AES)D7036 Practice for Competence of Air Emission TestingBodiesD7539 Practice for Using a Test Chamber for HumidityConditioning of Test Panels of Pavement Marking PaintsD7773 Test Method for Determination of Volatile InorganicAcids (HCl, HBr, and HNO3) Using Filter Sampling andSuppressed Ion Chromat
19、ographyD7948 Test Method for Measurement of Respirable Crystal-line Silica in Workplace Air by Infrared SpectrometryE1370 Guide for Air Sampling Strategies for Worker andWorkplace Protection2.2 ISO Standard:ISO 17025 General Requirements for the Competence ofTesting and Calibration Laboratories42.3
20、Federal Standards:OSHA Analytical Methods Manual5NIOSH Manual for Analytical Methods6OSHA, 29 CFR Part 1910 Hazardous Waste Operations andEmergency Response; Interim Final Rule, December198673. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 GeneralTerminology commonly used in air moni-toring can be found in Termi
21、nology D1356. Terminologycommonly used in waste and waste management can be foundin Terminology D5681.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 operating sitean operating site is a location orfacility where waste is treated, stored, or disposed as part of anon-going operation.3.2.2 re
22、medial action sitea remedial action site is alocation or facility that may pose a threat to human health andthe environment.4. Summary of Guide4.1 The procedures described in this guide address safetyconsiderations, acute health hazards, and chronic health haz-ards due to airborne hazardous material
23、s.4.2 Monitoring concepts are described for cleanup opera-tions at remedial action sites as well as routine activities atoperational waste management sites.5. Significance and Use5.1 The techniques of air monitoring are many and varied.This guide is intended to describe standard approaches that areu
24、sed in designing an air monitoring program to protect wastemanagement site workers.5.2 When entering a remedial action site to initiate aninvestigation or a cleanup operation, operating personnel maybe faced with fire, explosion, and acute or chronic healthhazards. A robust safety and health program
25、, including site-specific injury and illness prevention program (IIPP) and asafety and health plan, must be in place to direct workeractivity. Details for such plans can be found in the OSHAInterim Final Rule for Hazardous Waste Operations andEmergency Response and Refs (1, 2).8Air monitoring is ani
26、ntegral part of such a program. This guide describes equip-ment and sampling procedures which can be used to evaluatethe airborne hazard potential so as to gain and maintain a safework environment at the site.5.3 Upon obtaining air quality measurements at the site, adecision must be made as to wheth
27、er conditions are undercontrol and safe or not. That decision will depend on the natureand concentrations of the contaminants (toxicity, reactivity,volatility, etc.), the spatial extent (area affected, number ofworkers, etc.) of the contaminants, and the level of workerprotection available and neede
28、d. Since all such parameters aretypically site specific, this guide does not include air qualitymeasurement based guidance on decision making.5.4 This guide does not include monitoring sites containingradioactive materials, nor does it cover general safety aspects,such as access to emergency equipme
29、nt or medical support foremergency needs. These items should be covered in a workplace safety and health plan.5.5 Ideally, this guide is used in combination with GuideD4687.6. General Considerations6.1 The scientific field addressing the assessment of air-borne hazards to workers is industrial hygie
30、ne. Professionalindustrial hygienists, besides performing such tasks as measur-ing the concentration of contaminants in air, recommend themeans for controlling such airborne hazards, protecting4Adopted by ASTM as an American National Standard.51985 manual available from Occupational Safety and Healt
31、h Administration,OSHA Analytical Laboratory, Salt Lake City, UT.6Fifth edition manual, January 2015, available from the National Institute ofOccupational Safety and Health, (NIOSH), Cincinnati, OH.7Available from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office,Washington, DC, 20401.8The
32、boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis guide.D4844 162workers, and demonstrating compliance with applicable lawsand regulations. A certified industrial hygienist generally offersthe optimum combination of background and credentials forrecognizing, evaluatin
33、g, and controlling workplace health haz-ards. If industrial hygiene staff support is not available on site,coverage can be obtained through the use of consultants andpossibly through loss prevention insurance carriers. The re-mainder of this guide reflects the general thought process thatan industri
34、al hygiene professional would likely go through inestablishing an air monitoring program to protect workers at awaste management site.6.2 Establishing a Test Protocol:6.2.1 Various combinations of equipment and samplingtechniques are used in work place air monitoring. The bestmonitoring program is o
35、ne that combines accuracy with timelyresponse in a cost effective manner.6.2.2 The particular test protocol that is selected for anindustrial hygiene study depends on the nature of the contami-nants and the end purpose of the monitoring effort (that is,routine monitoring, searching for worst case ex
36、posure, lookingfor contaminant leaks in a process, etc.) (See Guide E1370.)6.3 Selecting Specific Methods:6.3.1 The choice of sampling method is generally dependenton analytical methodology to be employed. There may be nodifference in the analytical work whether it is for a 15-minceiling sample or a
37、 7-h integrated sample. If an analyticalmethod has poor sensitivity, however, it may be necessary toincrease the pump flow rate for the short duration sampling tomake certain that sufficient sample is collected for a meaning-ful analysis. Adjustments such as this are determined bysampling personnel
38、and laboratory personnel based upon themeasurement needs of the study and workplace limitations.Guidance on air sampling strategies for worker and workplaceprotection can be found in Test Method E1370. Extensiveguidance on the latest developments in air sampling technologyis available in Refs (3, 4)
39、.6.3.2 Information describing general methodology is avail-able from a number of sources. Practice D1605 lists some ofthe classic methods that have been used when sampling forgases or vapors. The American Conference of GovernmentalIndustrial Hygienists offers a publication, Ref (5), that providesa r
40、eview of some equipment and methodologies. The combi-nation of equipment and procedures selected is based on theprecision, accuracy, and sensitivity needed to support the testprotocol.6.3.3 Once the goals and protocol for the sampling programhave been defined, specific sampling/analytical methods ar
41、eselected. Within the Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Volume11.03 is dedicated to atmospheric analysis and to occupationalhealth and safety issues. Some applicable methods from thatreference are listed in Annex A1. Other sources of health andsafety support include the NIOSH Manual of AnalyticalMethod
42、s and the OSHA Analytical Methods Manual. Specificequipment and sampling media for a particular set of airbornecontaminants and sampling conditions are selected from thesetypes of sources.7. Procedures7.1 Operating Site:7.1.1 The procedures described in this section apply to airmonitoring activities
43、 at an operational waste treatment, storage,or disposal site. At an operating site, controls (work practices,engineering controls, and personal protective equipment) areused to minimize the exposure of workers to hazardousconditions. These are defined in the site health and safety plan.7.1.2 Knowled
44、ge of MaterialsKnowledge of the materialsarriving at or present at an operating site is critical to the designof a sampling plan. If hazardous wastes are received by a site,it is critical that they be listed on a manifest. The results ofincoming shipment waste sample analyses is also helpful foriden
45、tifying substances of greatest threat to healthy and safety.Information on wastes and their hazards may also be availablefrom knowledge that specific disposal site users will tend todeliver the same types of wastes to the site due to a consistentgenerating process and shipment history. For example,
46、paintmanufacturers will tend to send mixtures of solvents, resins,and pigments, whereas plating firms will generally sendalkaline heavy metal waste sludge, and so on. Deviation fromestablished patterns, however, is possible and should not bediscounted in sampling plan design.7.1.3 Worker Sampling:7.
47、1.3.1 Personal sampling of the workers breathing zone istypically the most critical of workplace sampling that isneeded. While some workers may be stationed in an operationstrailer at a control panel and sedentary, others may be movingabout the work site and very physically active. Addressingthese d
48、ifferent situations requires an assessment capable offollowing and appropriate to the activity of the worker.7.1.3.2 The first type of personal monitoring to consider islong duration time-weighted-average (TWA) sampling. For an8-h work shift, ensure that TWA samples are at a minimum of7-h duration e
49、ither as a single sample or a series of two or moresamples. For any other work hour situation, the procedure is tosample for the duration of the shift less 1 h. For workershandling organic wastes (for example, vapor degreaser solventwaste) the sampling program could include charcoal tubesampling followed by analysis for one or two of the solventsmost likely to be present in the waste. Such TWA monitoringwould be repeated periodically to asses worker exposure andensure that exposure is not increasing.7.1.3.3 Another type of personal monitoring that can becarried out is for peak
