1、Designation: D 4849 02b (Reapproved 2007)Standard Terminology Relating toYarns and Fibers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4849; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A numb
2、er in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This standard is a compilation of terminology developedby Committee D-13.58 on Yarns and Fibers.1.1.1 This terminology, mostly definitions
3、, is unique tofibers and yarns used in the textile industry. Terms that aregenerally understood or adequately defined in other readilyavailable sources are not included.1.1.2 Subcommittee D13.58 has jurisdictional responsibilityfor every item in this standard. The standards in which theterms and def
4、initions are used are listed by number after thedefinition. The wording of an entry cannot be changed withoutthe approval of 13.58 subcommittee.Any changes approved bythe subcommittee and main committee are then directed tosubcommittee D13.92 on Terminology for subsequent changesor additions to Term
5、inology D 123.1.1.3 This terminology standard is not all inclusive of theterms under the jurisdiction of subcommittee D13.58. Otherterminology standards under the jurisdiction of subcommitteeD13.58 are D 3888, D 4466, and D 4848.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D76 Specification for Tensil
6、e Testing Machines for TextilesD 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 861 Practice for Use of the Tex System to DesignateLinear Density of Fibers, Yarn Intermediates, and YarnsD 204 Test Methods for Sewing ThreadsD 1059 Test Method for Yarn Number Based on Short-Length SpecimensD 1244 Practice for
7、Designation of Yarn ConstructionD 4848 Terminology of Force, Deformation and RelatedProperties of TextilesD 1422 Test Method for Twist in Single Spun Yarns by theUntwist-Retwist MethodD 1423 Test Method for Twist in Yarns by Direct-CountingD 1425 Test Method for Unevenness of Textile StrandsUsing Ca
8、pacitance Testing EquipmentD 1577 Test Methods for Linear Density of Textile FibersD 1578 Test Method for Breaking Strength of Yarn in SkeinFormD 1907 Test Method for Linear Density of Yarn (YarnNumber) by the Skein MethodD 2102 Test Method for Shrinkage of Textile Fibers(Bundle Test)D 2255 Test Met
9、hod for Grading Spun Yarns for Appear-anceD 2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for TestingD 2259 Test Method for Shrinkage of YarnsD 2260 Tables of Conversion Factors and Equivalent YarnNumbers Measured in Various Numbering SystemsD 2402 Test Method for Water Retention of Textile Fibers(Centrifuge Proc
10、edure)D 2612 Test Method for Fiber Cohesion in Sliver and Top(Static Tests)D 2494 Test Method for Commercial Mass of a Shipment ofYarn or Manufactured Staple Fiber or TowD 2645 Tolerances forYarns Spun on the Cotton or WorstedSystemsD 2644 Tolerances for Yarns Spun on the Woolen SystemD 3106 Test Me
11、thod for Permanent Deformation of Elasto-meric YarnsD 3108 Test Method for Coefficient of Friction, Yarn toSolid MaterialD 3128 Specification for 2-Methoxyethanol1This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 onTextilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarn
12、s and Fibers.Current edition approved July 1, 2007 Published August 2007 Originallyapproved in 1988. Discontinued June 1992 and reinstated as D 484902. Lastprevious edition approved in 2002 as D484902be1.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Se
13、rvice at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D 3217 Test Methods for Breaking Tenacity
14、of Manufac-tured Textile Fibers in Loop or Knot ConfigurationsD 3218 Specification for Polyolefin MonofilamentsD 3333 Practice for Sampling Manufactured Staple Fibers,Sliver, or Tow for TestingD 3412 Test Method for Coefficient of Friction, Yarn toYarnD 3513 Test Method for Overlength Fiber Content
15、ofManufactured Staple FiberD 3693 Specification for Labeled Length per Holder ofSewing ThreadD 3822 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Single TextileFibersD 3823 Practice for Determining Ticket Numbers for Sew-ing ThreadsD 3888 Terminology Relating to Open-End SpinningD 3937 Test Method for Crimp
16、 Frequency of manufacturedStaple FibersD 3990 Terminology Relating to Fabric DefectsD 4031 Test Method for Bulk Properties of Textured YarnsD 4120 Test Method for Fiber Cohesion in Roving, Sliver,and Top in Dynamic TestsD 4238 Test Method for Electrostatic Propensity of TextilesD 4466 Terminology fo
17、r Multicomponent Textile FibersD 4724 Test Method for Entanglements in Filament Yarnsby Needle InsertionD 4848 Terminology of Force, Deformation and RelatedProperties of TextilesD 4911 Tolerances for Yarns Made of Man-Made Fibersand Spun on the Parallel Worsted or Modified WorstedSystemD 5103 Test M
18、ethod for Length and Length Distribution ofManufactured Staple Fibers (Single-Fiber Test)D 5104 Test Method for Shrinkage of Textile Fibers(Single-Fiber Test)D 5332 Test Method for Fiber Length and Length Distribu-tion of Cotton Fibers3D 5344 Test Method for Extension Force of Partially Ori-ented Ya
19、rnD 5647 Guide for Measuring Hairiness of Yarns by thePhoto-Electric ApparatusD 6197 Test Method for Classifying and Counting Faults inSpun Yarns in Electronic TestsD 6587 Test Method for Yarn Number Using AutomaticTesterD 6612 Test Method for Yarn Number and Yarn NumberVariability Using Automated T
20、esterD 6774 Test Method for Crimp and Shrinkage Propertiesfor Textured Yarns Using a Dynamic Textured Yarn Tester3. Terminology3.1 Alphabetical listings of terms with subcommittee 13.58jurisdiction and attribution for each term.American grain count, na direct yarn numbering system forexpressing line
21、ar density, equal to the mass in grains per 120yards of sliver or roving. D 2260bad/good test (%BGT), nan index value which shows thetotal spread, or greatest variation, for the test; mathemati-cally, the difference between the highest and lowest massreadings determined in the test, expressed as a p
22、ercentage ofthe average mass. D 6612beam, nin textiles, a large spool containing many ends ofyarn wound parallel, and used for such purposes as weavingor warp knitting. D 2258beam set, nin textiles, one or more beams of yarn in a singleshipment to be further processed together for a specific enduse.
23、 D 2258bench marks, nmarks placed on a specimen to define gagelength, that is, the portion of the specimen that will beevaluated in a specific test. D76boundary friction, nfriction at low sliding speeds (0.02m/min or less) where lubrication occurs under thin-filmlubricant conditions. D 3412broken fi
24、lament, nin multifilament yarn, breaks in one ormore filaments. D 3990bulk shrinkage, na measure of potential stretch and powerof stretch yarns or a measure of bulk of textured-set yarns.D 4031bunch, na defect in a yarn characterized by a segment notover 6 mm (14 in.) in length that shows an abrupt
25、increase indiameter caused by more fibers matted in this particularplace. (See slug, slub.) D 2255cable twist, nthe construction of cabled yarn, cord, or ropein which each successive twist is in the opposite direction tothe preceding twist; an S/Z/S or Z/S/Z construction.D 1423calibrate, vto determi
26、ne and record the relationship betweena set of standard units of measure and the output of aninstrument or test procedure.DISCUSSIONThis term is also commonly used to describe thechecking of previously marked instruments, an operation more properlydescribed as a description of verification. D76capac
27、ity, nfor tensile testing machines, the maximum forcefor which the machine is designed.DISCUSSIONCapacity is the maximum force the tester-frame and thedrive system can exercise on the specimen without inadmissibledeformations of the tester-frame, etc. Within its capacity, there areavailable load-cel
28、ls with different full-scale ranges which may bechosen to select an appropriate full-scale range for a special test.D76case, nin textiles, a shipping unit, usually a carton, box, bale,or other container holding a number of yarn packages.D 2258clamp, nthat part of a testing machine used to grip thesp
29、ecimen by means of suitable jaws. D76cockles, nin yarns, irregular, thick, uneven lumps. D 2255coefficient of friction, nthe ratio of the tangential force thatis needed to maintain uniform relative motion between twocontacting surfaces to the perpendicular force holding themin contact. D 3108, D 341
30、2coefficient of variation unevenness, nin textiles, the stan-dard deviation of the linear densities over which unevenness3Withdrawn.D 4849 02b (2007)2is measured expressed as a percentage of the average lineardensity for the total length within which unevenness ismeasured. (See also unevenness and m
31、ean deviation un-evenness.) D 1425cohesive force, nin a textile strand, the force required toovercome fiber cohesion as the strand is being reduced inlinear density.DISCUSSIONIn dynamic tests, cohesive force is the force required tomaintain drafting in a roving, silver, or top. In static tests, cohe
32、siveforce is measured while a test specimen is held in a fixed positionbetween two slowly separating clamps. D 2612, D 4120colorfastness, nthe resistance of a material to change in anyof its color characteristics, to transfer its colorant(s) toadjacent materials, or both, as the result of exposure o
33、f thematerial to any real or simulated environment that might beencountered during processing, storage, use or testing of thematerial. D 204commercial allowance, nan arbitrary value equal to thecommercial moisture regain plus a specified allowance forfinish, used with the mass of scoured, oven-dried
34、 yarn, tocompute (1) yarn linear density, (2) the commercial or legalmass of a shipment or delivery of any specific textilematerial (see also commercial moisture regain) or (3) themass of a specific component in the analysis of fiber blendsD 1907, D 2494commercial mass, nbilled mass as determined by
35、 a gener-ally accepted method or as agreed upon between the pur-chaser and supplier.DISCUSSIONThe basis for determining the commercial mass of ashipment of yarn or manufactured fibers is generally one of thefollowing: (1) CAS Basis (commercial allowance with scouredmaterial)the mass of oven-dry fibe
36、r or yarn after scouring by definiteprescribed methods plus the mass corresponding to its commercialallowance, (2) CMRS Basis (commercial moisture regain with scouredmaterial)the mass of oven-dry fiber or yarn after scouring by definiteprescribed methods plus the mass corresponding to its commercial
37、moisture regain. (3) CMRU Basis (commercial regain with unscouredmaterial)the mass of unscoured oven-dry fiber or yarn plus the masscorresponding to its commercial regain. (4) UN Basis (unadjustednet)the mass of the unscoured fiber or yarn with no adjustment forthe amount of moisture or finish, or b
38、oth. D 2494cone, nin textiles, (1) a yarn holder or bobbin of conicalshape used as a core for a yarn package of conical form, alsocalled a cone core. (2) the yarn package obtained when yarnis wound upon a cone core. D 2258constant-rate-of-extension type tensile testing machine(CRE), nin tensile test
39、ing, an apparatus in which thepulling clamp moves at a uniform rate, and the force-measuring mechanism moves a negligible distance withincreasing force, less than 0.13 mm (0.005 in.) D76constant-rate-of-load tensile testing machine (CRL), nintensile testing, an apparatus in which the rate of increas
40、e ofthe force is uniform with time after the first 3 s and thespecimen is free to elongate, this elongation dependent onthe extension characteristics of the specimen at any appliedforce. D76constant-rate-of-traverse tensile testing machine (CR), natesting machine in which the pulling clamp moves at
41、auniform rate and the force is applied through the other clampwhich moves appreciably to actuate a force-measuringmechanism, producing a rate of increase of force or exten-sion that is usually not constant and is dependent upon theextension characteristics of the specimen. D76container, na receptacl
42、e designed to hold a material, or togive integrity to the material.DISCUSSIONThe term container in textiles may include bales,cartons and other shipping containers. D 3333coefficient of variation (CV), na measure of the dispersionof observed values equal to the standard deviation for thevalues divid
43、ed by the average of the values; may beexpressed as a percentage of the average (%CV). D 6612core-spun yarn, na compound structure in which a filamentor strand serves as an axis around which a cover of eitherloose fiber or a yarn is wound.DISCUSSION(1) Generalin yarn testing, when the core and cover
44、in this type of compound structure need to be separated, for testing ofeither component, the methods used should not compromise thephysical properties of the component to be evaluated: and (2)Specificas a sewing thread, the means by which this compoundstructure is made will not allow the core and co
45、ver to be readilyseparated without compromising the physical attributes of each com-ponent. Hence, the sewing thread should be evaluated as a compoundstructure. D 204cotton count, nan indirect yarn numbering system generallyused in the cotton system equal to the number of 840-ydlengths of yarn per p
46、ound. D 1059, D 2260, D 6587,D 6612cotton system, na spinning system adapted to fibers lessthan 65 mm (2.5 in.) in length.DISCUSSIONThis system usually employs flat-top cards and may useroll and other drafting assemblies on intermediate processes andspinning machines. D 2645cover, nin yarns, the out
47、side layer of fibers that form thesurface of a yarn. D 2255covered yarn, na compound structure which contains dis-tinguishable inner and outer fibrous elements which can bedifferent. D 204CREabbreviation for constant-rate-of-extension. D76crimp, nin a textile strand, the undulations, waviness, orsuc
48、cession of bend, curls, or waves in the strand inducedeither naturally, mechanically, or chemically.DISCUSSIONCrimp has many characteristics, among which are itsamplitude, frequency, index, and type. In Test Method D 3937, crimp ischaracterized by a change in the directional rotation of a line tange
49、nt tothe fiber as the point of tangent progresses along the fiber. Two changesin rotation constitutes one unit of crimp. D 3937crimp, nin a yarn, the undulations, waviness, or successionof bends, curls, or waves in the yarn induced either naturally,mechanically, thermall, or chemically. D 6774crimp contraction, nan indicator of crimp capacity or acharacterization of a yarns ability to contract under tension.D 4031, D 6774crimp development medium, nfor testing of textured yarn,an environment that allows the temporary set of fiber cr
