1、Designation: D4849 02b (Reapproved 2007)3D4849 13Standard Terminology Related toYarns and Fibers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4849; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1 NOTEThis terminology was udpated editorially with terms from Subcommittee D13.58 standards in September 2011.2 NOTEThis terminology was udpated
3、 editorially with terms from D2258 in May 2012.3 NOTEThe terms “lot” and “lot sample” were removed and terms from D1422 were updated editorially in September2013.1. Scope1.1 This standard is a compilation of terminology developed by Committee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers.1.1.1 This terminology, mostly
4、 definitions, is unique to fibers and yarns used in the textile industry. Terms that are generallyunderstood or adequately defined in other readily available sources are not included.1.1.2 Subcommittee D13.58 has jurisdictional responsibility for every item in this standard. The standards in which t
5、he termsand definitions are used are listed by number after the definition. The wording of an entry cannot be changed without the approvalof 13.58 subcommittee. Any changes approved by the subcommittee and main committee are then directed to subcommitteeD13.92 on Terminology for subsequent changes o
6、r additions to Terminology D123.1.1.3 This terminology standard is not all inclusive of the terms under the jurisdiction of Subcommittee D13.58. Otherterminology standards under the jurisdiction of Subcommittee D13.58 are D3888, D4466, and D4848.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D76 Specifi
7、cation for Tensile Testing Machines for TextilesD123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD861 Practice for Use of the Tex System to Designate Linear Density of Fibers, Yarn Intermediates, and YarnsD204 Test Methods for Sewing ThreadsD1059 Test Method for Yarn Number Based on Short-Length Specimens (With
8、drawn 2010)3D1244 Practice for Designation of Yarn ConstructionD1422 Test Method for Twist in Single Spun Yarns by the Untwist-Retwist MethodD1423 Test Method for Twist in Yarns by Direct-CountingD1425 Test Method for Unevenness of Textile Strands Using Capacitance Testing EquipmentD1577 Test Method
9、s for Linear Density of Textile FibersD1578 Test Method for Breaking Strength of Yarn in Skein FormD1907 Test Method for Linear Density of Yarn (Yarn Number) by the Skein MethodD2102 Test Method for Shrinkage of Textile Fibers (Bundle Test)D2255 Test Method for Grading Spun Yarns for AppearanceD2258
10、 Practice for Sampling Yarn for TestingD2259 Test Method for Shrinkage of YarnsD2260 Tables of Conversion Factors and Equivalent Yarn Numbers Measured in Various Numbering SystemsD2402 Test Method for Water Retention of Textile Fibers (Centrifuge Procedure)D2612 Test Method for Fiber Cohesion in Sli
11、ver and Top (Static Tests)D2494 Test Method for Commercial Mass of a Shipment of Yarn or Manufactured Staple Fiber or TowD2645 Tolerances for Yarns Spun on the Cotton or Worsted Systems1 This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles and is the direct responsibility of
12、Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers.Current edition approved July 1, 2007Oct. 1, 2013 Published August 2007October 2013 Originally approved in 1988. Discontinued June 1992 and reinstated as D484902.Last previous edition approved in 20022007 as D484902b (2007)23. DOI: 10.1520/D4849-02BR07E03.10.1
13、520/D4849-13.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical s
14、tandard is referenced on www.astm.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM r
15、ecommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D2644 Tole
16、rances for Yarns Spun on the Woolen SystemD3106 Test Method for Permanent Deformation of Elastomeric YarnsD3108 Test Method for Coefficient of Friction, Yarn to Solid MaterialD3128 Specification for 2-MethoxyethanolD3217 Test Methods for Breaking Tenacity of Manufactured Textile Fibers in Loop or Kn
17、ot ConfigurationsD3218 Specification for Polyolefin MonofilamentsD3333 Practice for Sampling Manufactured Staple Fibers, Sliver, or Tow for TestingD3334 Test Method for Fabrics Woven from Polyolefin Monofilaments (Withdrawn 1989)3D3412 Test Method for Coefficient of Friction, Yarn to YarnD3513 Test
18、Method for Overlength Fiber Content of Manufactured Staple FiberD3693 Specification for Labeled Length per Holder of Sewing ThreadD3822 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Single Textile FibersD3823 Practice for Determining Ticket Numbers for Sewing ThreadsD3888 Terminology for Yarn Spinning Syste
19、msD3937 Test Method for Crimp Frequency of Manufactured Staple FibersD3990 Terminology Relating to Fabric DefectsD4031 Test Method for Bulk Properties of Textured YarnsD4120 Test Method for Fiber Cohesion in Roving, Sliver, and Top in Dynamic TestsD4238 Test Method for Electrostatic Propensity of Te
20、xtiles (Withdrawn 1996)3D4466 Terminology Related to Multicomponent Textile FibersD4724 Test Method for Entanglements in Untwisted Filament Yarns by Needle InsertionD4848 Terminology Related to Force, Deformation and Related Properties of TextilesD4849 Terminology Related to Yarns and FibersD4911 To
21、lerances for Yarns Made of Man-Made Fibers and Spun on the Parrallel Worsted or Modified Worsted System(Withdrawn 2000)3D5103 Test Method for Length and Length Distribution of Manufactured Staple Fibers (Single-Fiber Test)D5104 Test Method for Shrinkage of Textile Fibers (Single-Fiber Test)D5332 Tes
22、t Method for Fiber Length and Length Distribution of Cotton Fibers (Withdrawn 2006)3D5344 Test Method for Extension Force of Partially Oriented YarnD5647 Guide for Measuring Hairiness of Yarns by the Photo-Electric ApparatusD6197 Test Method for Classifying and Counting Faults in Spun Yarns in Elect
23、ronic TestsD6587 Test Method for Yarn Number Using Automatic TesterD6612 Test Method for Yarn Number and Yarn Number Variability Using Automated TesterD6774 Test Method for Crimp and Shrinkage Properties for Textured Yarns Using a Dynamic Textured Yarn Tester3. Terminology3.1 Alphabetical listings o
24、f terms with subcommittee 13.58 jurisdiction and attribution for each term.American grain count, na direct yarn numbering system for expressing linear density, equal to the mass in grains per 120 yardsof sliver or roving. D2260bad/good test (%BGT), nan index value which shows the total spread, or gr
25、eatest variation, for the test; mathematically, thedifference between the highest and lowest mass readings determined in the test, expressed as a percentage of the average mass.D6612beam, nin textiles, a large spool containing many ends of yarn wound parallel, and used for such purposes as weaving o
26、r warpknitting. D2258beam set, nin textiles, one or more beams of yarn in a single shipment to be further processed together for a specific end use.D2258bench marks, nmarks placed on a specimen to define gage length, that is, the portion of the specimen that will be evaluatedin a specific test. D76b
27、oundary friction, nfriction at low sliding speeds (0.02 m/min or less) where lubrication occurs under thin-film lubricantconditions. D3412broken filament, nin multifilament yarn, breaks in one or more filaments. D3990bulk sample, nin the sampling of bulk material, one or more portions which (1) are
28、taken from material that does not consistof separately identifiable units and (2) can be identified after sampling as separate or composited units. D2258bulk shrinkage, na measure of potential stretch and power of stretch yarns or a measure of bulk of textured-set yarns. D4031D4849 132bunch, na defe
29、ct in a yarn characterized by a segment not over 6 mm (14 in.) in length that shows an abrupt increase in diametercaused by more fibers matted in this particular place. (See slug, slub.) D2255cable twist, nthe construction of cabled yarn, cord, or rope in which each successive twist is in the opposi
30、te direction to thepreceding twist; an S/Z/S or Z/S/Z construction. D1423calibrate, vto determine and record the relationship between a set of standard units of measure and the output of an instrumentor test procedure.DISCUSSIONThis term is also commonly used to describe the checking of previously m
31、arked instruments, an operation more properly described as a descriptionof verification. D76capacity, nfor tensile testing machines, the maximum force for which the machine is designed.DISCUSSIONCapacity is the maximum force the tester-frame and the drive system can exercise on the specimen without
32、inadmissible deformations of thetester-frame, etc. Within its capacity, there are available load-cells with different full-scale ranges which may be chosen to select an appropriatefull-scale range for a special test. D76case, nin textiles, a shipping unit, usually a carton, box, bale, or other conta
33、iner holding a number of yarn packages. D2258clamp, nthat part of a testing machine used to grip the specimen by means of suitable jaws. D76cockles, nin yarns, irregular, thick, uneven lumps. D2255coefficient of friction, nthe ratio of the tangential force that is needed to maintain uniform relative
34、 motion between twocontacting surfaces to the perpendicular force holding them in contact. D3108, D3412coefficient of variation unevenness, nin textiles, the standard deviation of the linear densities over which unevenness ismeasured expressed as a percentage of the average linear density for the to
35、tal length within which unevenness is measured. (Seealso unevenness and mean deviation unevenness.) D1425cohesive force, nin a textile strand, the force required to overcome fiber cohesion as the strand is being reduced in linear density.DISCUSSIONIn dynamic tests, cohesive force is the force requir
36、ed to maintain drafting in a roving, silver, or top. In static tests, cohesive force is measured whilea test specimen is held in a fixed position between two slowly separating clamps. D2612, D4120colorfastness, nthe resistance of a material to change in any of its color characteristics, to transfer
37、its colorant(s) to adjacentmaterials, or both, as the result of exposure of the material to any real or simulated environment that might be encountered duringprocessing, storage, use or testing of the material. D204commercial allowance, nan arbitrary value equal to the commercial moisture regain plu
38、s a specified allowance for finish, usedwith the mass of scoured, oven-dried yarn, to compute (1) yarn linear density, (2) the commercial or legal mass of a shipmentor delivery of any specific textile material (see also commercial moisture regain) or (3) the mass of a specific component inthe analys
39、is of fiber blends D1907, D2494commercial mass, nbilled mass as determined by a generally accepted method or as agreed upon between the purchaser andsupplier.DISCUSSIONThe basis for determining the commercial mass of a shipment of yarn or manufactured fibers is generally one of the following: (1) CA
40、S Basis(commercial allowance with scoured material)the mass of oven-dry fiber or yarn after scouring by definite prescribed methods plus the masscorresponding to its commercial allowance, (2) CMRS Basis (commercial moisture regain with scoured material)the mass of oven-dry fiber or yarnafter scourin
41、g by definite prescribed methods plus the mass corresponding to its commercial moisture regain. (3) CMRU Basis (commercial regain withunscoured material)the mass of unscoured oven-dry fiber or yarn plus the mass corresponding to its commercial regain. (4) UN Basis (unadjustednet)the mass of the unsc
42、oured fiber or yarn with no adjustment for the amount of moisture or finish, or both. D2494component, nas used with textile fiber polymers, a polymer with distinguishable properties. D4466D4849 133cone, nin textiles,(1) a yarn holder or bobbin of conical shape used as a core for a yarn package of co
43、nical form, also called acone core. (2) the yarn package obtained when yarn is wound upon a cone core. D2258constant-rate-of-extension type tensile testing machine (CRE),nin tensile testing, an apparatus in which the pulling clampmoves at a uniform rate, and the force-measuring mechanism moves a neg
44、ligible distance with increasing force, less than 0.13mm (0.005 in.) D76constant-rate-of-load tensile testing machine (CRL),nin tensile testing, an apparatus in which the rate of increase of the forceis uniform with time after the first 3 s and the specimen is free to elongate, this elongation depen
45、dent on the extensioncharacteristics of the specimen at any applied force. D76constant-rate-of-traverse tensile testing machine (CR),na testing machine in which the pulling clamp moves at a uniform rateand the force is applied through the other clamp which moves appreciably to actuate a force-measur
46、ing mechanism, producinga rate of increase of force or extension that is usually not constant and is dependent upon the extension characteristics of thespecimen. D76container, na receptacle designed to hold a material, or to give integrity to the material.DISCUSSIONThe term container in textiles may
47、 include bales, cartons and other shipping containers. D3333coefficient of variation (CV), na measure of the dispersion of observed values equal to the standard deviation for the valuesdivided by the average of the values; may be expressed as a percentage of the average (%CV). D6612core-spun yarn, n
48、a compound structure in which a filament or strand serves as an axis around which a cover of either loosefiber or a yarn is wound.DISCUSSION(1) Generalin yarn testing, when the core and cover in this type of compound structure need to be separated, for testing of either component, themethods used sh
49、ould not compromise the physical properties of the component to be evaluated: and (2) Specificas a sewing thread, the means bywhich this compound structure is made will not allow the core and cover to be readily separated without compromising the physical attributes of eachcomponent. Hence, the sewing thread should be evaluated as a compound structure. D204cotton count, nan indirect yarn numbering system generally used in the cotton system equal to the number of 840-yd lengthsof yarn per pound. D1059, D2260, D6587, D6612cotton
