1、Designation: D 4857 03An American National StandardStandard Test Method forDetermination of the Ability of Lubricants to Minimize RingSticking and Piston Deposits in Two-Stroke-Cycle GasolineEngines Other Than Outboards1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4857; the number immediate
2、ly following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has be
3、en approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method2evaluates the performance of lubri-cants intended for use in two-stroke-cycle spark-ignition gaso-line engines that are particularly prone to ring sticking. Pistonvarnish and spark plug fouling are also evaluat
4、ed.1.2 The values stated in SI units are the standard. The valuesgiven in parentheses are provided for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-pr
5、iate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3B 152 Specification for Copper Sheet, Strip, Plate, andRolled BarD 93 Test Methods for Flash-Point by Pensky-MartensClosed Cup TesterD 235 Specification
6、 for Mineral Spirits (Petroleum Spirits)(Hydrocarbon Dry Cleaning Solvent)D 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque LiquidsD 874 Test Method for Sulfated Ash from Lubricating Oilsand AdditivesD 2270 Practice for Calculating Viscosity Index from Kine-matic Viscosity at 40 and
7、 100CD 2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byWavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD 4052 Test Method for Density and Relative Density ofLiquids by Digital Density MeterD 4629 Test Method for Trace Nitrogen in Liquid Petro-leum Hydrocarbons by Syringe/Inlet Oxidative Com
8、bus-tion and Chemiluminescence DetectionD 4858 Test Method for Determination of the Tendency ofLubricants to Promote Preignition in Two-Stroke-CycleGasoline EnginesD 4859 Specification for Lubricants for Two-Stroke-CycleSpark Ignition Gasoline Engines-TCD 4863 Test Method for Determination of Lubric
9、ity ofTwo-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline Engine LubricantsD 4951 Test Method for Determination of Additive Ele-ments in Lubricating Oils by Inductively Coupled PlasmaAtomic Emission SpectrometryE 230 Specification and Temperature-Electromotive Force(EMF) Tables for Standardized ThermocouplesG 40 Terminology
10、Relating to Wear and Erosion2.2 ANSI Standard:ANSI MC 96.1 American National Standard for Tempera-ture Measurement Thermocouples43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 cold stickingof piston rings, a condition in whichthe ring is free in its groove while the engine is running butstuck when the piston i
11、s cold, normally indicated by theabsence of varnish or other deposits on the outer face of thering and of signs of blowby on the piston skirt.3.1.2 combustion chamberin reciprocating internal com-bustion engines, the volume bounded by the piston crown andany portion of the cylinder walls extending a
12、bove the pistoncrown when in the top dead center position, and the innersurface of the cylinder head including any spark plugs andother inserted components. D 48581This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
13、 SubcommitteeD02.B0 on Automotive Lubricants.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2003. Published December 2003. Originallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D 485702.2Until the next revision of this test method, the ASTM Test Monitoring Centerwill update changes in this test me
14、thod by means of Information Letters. These canbe obtained from the ASTM Test Monitoring Center, 6555 Penn Ave., Pittsburgh, PA15206-4489. Attention: Administrator. This edition incorporates revisions in allInformation Letters through No. 02-2.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website,
15、www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.1Copyright
16、 ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.3 hot stickingof piston rings, a condition in which thering is stuck in its groove while the engine is running, normallyindicated by varnish or other deposits on the outer face of thering, by
17、 signs of blowby on the piston skirt, or both.3.1.4 lubricitya qualitative term describing the ability of alubricant to minimize friction between and damage to surfacesin relative motion under load. D 48633.1.5 preignitionin a spark-ignition engine, ignition ofthe mixture of fuel and air in the comb
18、ustion chamber beforethe passage of the spark. D 48583.1.6 scoring, nin tribology, a severe form of wearcharacterized by the formation of extensive grooves andscratches in the direction of sliding. G403.1.7 scuff, scuffngin lubrication, damage caused byinstantaneous localized welding between surface
19、s in relativemotion which does not result in immobilization of the parts.D 48633.1.8 seizurein lubrication, welding between surfaces inrelative motion that results in immobilization of the parts.D 48633.1.9 spark plug foulingdeposition of essentially noncon-ducting material onto the electrodes of a
20、spark plug that may,but will not necessarily, prevent the plug from operating.3.1.10 spark plug whiskering, or spark plug bridgingadeposit of conductive material on the spark plug electrodes thattends to form a bridge between them, thus shorting out theplug.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This
21、Standard:3.2.1 benchmark reference oilan oil whose performancein this test method is compared with the performance of thenon-reference oil.3.2.2 major preignitionpreignition that causes a tempera-ture increase of 10C (18F) or more measured at the sparkplug gasket.3.2.3 minor preignitionpreignition t
22、hat causes a tempera-ture increase of more than 7C (13F) and less than 10C(18F) measured at the spark plug gasket.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The test is run in a 347 cm3Yamaha RD-350B twin-cylinder air-cooled motorcycle engine.5It is intended primarilyto evaluate ring sticking and piston skirt dep
23、osits. Spark plugfouling, combustion chamber deposits, and exhaust port block-age are also evaluated. The engine is set up with one cylindersupplied with a fuel and oil mixture made using the non-reference oil and the other with a fuel and oil mixture using thebenchmark reference oil. The test is no
24、rmally run twice,exchanging the oils between cylinders for the second run. Eachrun is performed on a 25-min part throttle 5-min idle cycle,with a 60-min shutdown after each 150 min of running time.Total running time per single test is normally 20 h.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is prim
25、arily intended for the evaluationof lubricants for use in two-stroke-cycle engines of highspecific output.NOTE 1If the test method is being used to satisfy a portion ofSpecification D 4859, refer to the specification for the pass-fail criteria.6. Apparatus6.1 Test Engine and Stand:6.1.1 Test EngineA
26、 Yamaha RD-350B 347 cm3twincylinder motorcycle engine with attached standard transmis-sion (gearbox) is used.5The engine is described more fully inAnnex A1. It is set up on a dynamometer test stand with amodified fuel system so that each of the cylinders is suppliedindependently through its associat
27、ed carburetor. A typical teststand is shown in Fig. 1. The dynamometer is located to the leftof the engine behind the instrument cabinet, and is driven bythe motorcycle transmission output shaft.6.1.2 Lubrication SystemThe test engine, as manufac-tured, is provided with an oil injection system by wh
28、ich oil ismetered to the carburetor bowls from a common source.Because the test is run using a different fuel and oil mixture ineach carburetor, the oil pump and its connections shall beremoved and the oil connections to the carburetors plugged.6.1.3 DynamometerThe dynamometer shall be capable ofabs
29、orbing at least 8 kW (10 hp). The engine crankshaft speedis 6000 r/min, and the motorcycle transmission may be used toprovide speed reduction. No correction is required for thepower loss in the transmission.6.1.4 Cooling AirA variable delivery blower with a freeflow capacity of about 300 m3/min (10
30、000 ft3/min) of air isrequired. The flow from the blower shall be directed toward theexhaust side of the engine so as to deliver an approximatelyequal stream to each cylinder, and is varied as required tomaintain the spark plug gasket temperature within the limitsspecified in Section 9. It is advise
31、d that the blower be set up todraw its air from outside the building. Where this is notpracticable, or in hot climates, coolers may be required.6.1.5 Combustion AirThe air supply to the engine may betaken from the ambient air in the test cell, but if a controlled airsource is used, it is recommended
32、 that it be set to 25 to 27C(77 to 81F) with a moisture content of 11 to 12 g/kg (77 to 83grains/lb) of dry air and a maximum pressure at the carburetorinlet of 3.7 kPa (1.5 in. water). Supply to each carburetor shallbe through a separate flowmeter each with a capacity of 30kg/h (65 lb/h) minimum. A
33、 plenum chamber is provided at theintake of each carburetor to damp out pulsations. These areshown in Fig. 1.6.1.6 Fuel System:6.1.6.1 Fuel is supplied to each of the carburetors by anindividual electric fuel pump with a capacity of at least 2.5 L/h(0.7 gal/h) taking the fuel mix from separate tanks
34、 through apaper or ceramic filter and a flowmeter as specified in 6.1.6.2.The fuel shall enter the carburetors at a maximum temperatureof 25C (77F) and cooling may be required in a hot climate.6.1.6.2 Two flowmeters, one for each carburetor, are re-quired. Any type accurate to 60.01 kg/h (60.02 lb/h
35、) at theflow rate specified in 6.1.6.1 may be used, but those measuring5Order from Engineering and Service Dept., Yamaha International Corp., P.O.Box 6555, Cypress, CA 90630. Complete RD-350B engines are no longer availablefrom the manufacturer, but all parts are still available and are expected to
36、remain so.It is suggested that a used RD-350 series motorcycle be purchased for familiariza-tion purposes.D4857032weight directly rather than volume are preferred. If a volumemeasuring device is used, the relationship of density totemperature over the range of fuel temperature experiencedshall be de
37、termined for the actual test gasoline and test oilmixtures used, and the appropriate value used for conversion ofvolume to mass.6.1.6.3 When permitted by local regulations, the use ofportable containers with a capacity of at least 60 L (15 U.S.gal) is recommended to facilitate changing of fuels. If
38、the fuellines to the carburetors cannot be replaced when the fuel andoil mixture is changed, it is necessary to be able to purge thefuel system between the tanks and the carburetors.6.1.7 Exhaust SystemThe standard motorcycle exhaustsystem shall be used, discharging into a pipe of at least200-mm (8-
39、in.) internal diameter leading out of the test cell.No modification other than axial rotation may be made to theexhaust system as supplied by Yamaha except the installationof thermocouples as specified in 6.2.4. Any rotation of theexhaust system shall be the same for both cylinders and shallnot plac
40、e the exhaust in the cooling air stream.6.2 Instrumentation:6.2.1 TachometerAn electronic or vibration tachometeraccurate to 625 r/min.6.2.2 Measurement of Ambient ConditionsIf the air sup-ply to the engine is taken from a controlled source, referencesto ambient pressure, temperature and humidity ap
41、ply to the airfrom the controlled source.6.2.2.1 TemperatureA thermocouple or thermometer shallbe provided to measure air temperature in the range from 10 to50C (50 to 120F). The overall accuracy of temperaturemeasurement, including that of recorders, if used, shall bewithin 61C (2F).6.2.2.2 Baromet
42、ric PressureA barometer measuring thepressure in the test room is required. Its overall accuracy,including recorder, if used, shall be within 60.1 kPa (0.75 mmHg).6.2.2.3 HumidityA hygrometer accurate to 63 % or a wetand dry bulb thermometer accurate to 61C (2F) is alsorequired.6.2.2.4 RecorderConti
43、nuous recording of the ambientconditions is recommended.6.2.3 Spark Plug Gasket Temperature Measurement:6.2.3.1 ThermocouplesThe composite gasket normallysupplied with the spark plug is not satisfactory for theattachment of thermocouple wires. A design that has beenfound satisfactory is given in App
44、endix X1.6,7Provision shallbe made for shutdown of the engine in the case of a spark pluggasket temperature increase of 10C (18F) or more. Anautomatic shutdown that operates if such an increase occurs ispreferred. As a minimum, an alarm shall be provided to operateafter a temperature increase of 6 t
45、o 7C (11 to 13F) to allowmanual shut down by the operator if the 10 limit is exceeded.If the alarm or shutdown is a separate instrument from thetemperature recorder, it is usually necessary to provide twothermocouples as shown in Appendix X1, but if it is incorpo-rated into the recorder, only one th
46、ermocouple is required.Glass or silica double and constantan thermocouple wiresmeeting the requirements of Type J of ANSI Specification MC6The sole source of supply of the thermostat washer known to the committee atthis time is Lewis Engineering, 238-T Water St., Naugatuck, CT 06770.7If you are awar
47、e of alternative suppliers, please provide this information toASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consider-ation at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.FIG. 1 Test StandD485703396.1 (summarized very briefly in Specification E 230) ar
48、enormally satisfactory. Constantan is an alloy of approximately40 % nickel (Ni) 60 % copper (Cu) by mass.6.2.4 Exhaust TemperatureA thermocouple is required ineach exhaust elbow within 75 mm (3 in.) of the cylinderexhaust port to monitor exhaust temperature.7,8The junction ofthe thermocouple shall b
49、e at the center of the pipe within 63mm (0.12 in.).6.2.5 Temperature Recorder:6.2.5.1 Plug Gasket and Exhaust TemperaturesThesetemperatures shall be recorded continuously. Maximum inter-val between successive recordings of the spark plug gaskettemperature should not exceed 2 s, and 10 s for the exhausttemperature. A recorder with a range from 40 to 750C (100 to1400F) accurate to 62C (4F) is suitable.6.2.5.2 Temperature of the Air Supplied to the EngineThisis preferably recorded continuously. In any case it shall belogged at inte
