1、Designation: D4857 12Standard Test Method forDetermination of the Ability of Lubricants to Minimize RingSticking and Piston Deposits in Two-Stroke-Cycle GasolineEngines Other Than Outboards1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4857; the number immediately following the designation in
2、dicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies
3、of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method2evaluates the performance of lubri-cants intended for use in two-stroke-cycle spark-ignition gaso-line engines that are particularly prone to ring sticking. Pistonvarnish and spark plug fouling are also evaluated.1.2 The values stated in SI
4、units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health p
5、ractices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3B152/B152M Specification for Copper Sheet, Strip, Plate,and Rolled BarD93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-MartensClosed Cup TesterD235 Specification for Mineral Spirits
6、(Petroleum Spirits)(Hydrocarbon Dry Cleaning Solvent)D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D874 Test Method for Sulfated Ash from Lubricating Oilsand AdditivesD2270 Practice for Calculating Viscosity Index from Kine-matic Vis
7、cosity at 40 and 100CD2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byWavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and APIGravity of Liquids by Digital Density MeterD4629 Test Method for Trace Nitrogen in Liquid PetroleumHydrocarbons by Sy
8、ringe/Inlet Oxidative Combustion andChemiluminescence DetectionD4858 Test Method for Determination of the Tendency ofLubricants to Promote Preignition in Two-Stroke-CycleGasoline EnginesD4859 Specification for Lubricants for Two-Stroke-CycleSpark-Ignition Gasoline Engines-TCD4863 Test Method for Det
9、ermination of Lubricity of Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline Engine LubricantsD4951 Test Method for Determination ofAdditive Elementsin Lubricating Oils by Inductively Coupled PlasmaAtomic Emission SpectrometryE230 Specification and Temperature-Electromotive Force(EMF) Tables for Standardized ThermocouplesG
10、40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion2.2 ANSI Standard:ANSI MC 96.1 American National Standard for Tempera-ture Measurement Thermocouples43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 cold sticking, adjof piston rings, a condition inwhich the ring is free in its groove while the engine is runningbut stu
11、ck when the piston is cold, normally indicated by theabsence of varnish or other deposits on the outer face of thering and of signs of blowby on the piston skirt.3.1.2 combustion chamber, nin reciprocating internalcombustion engines, the volume bounded by the piston crown1This test method is under t
12、he jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.B0.06 on Two-Stroke Cycle Gasoline.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2012. Published February 2013. Originallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D4857
13、08. DOI:10.1520/D4857-12.2Until the next revision of this test method, the ASTM Test Monitoring Centerwill update changes in this test method by means of Information Letters. These canbe obtained from theASTMTest Monitoring Center, 6555 PennAve., Pittsburgh, PA15206-4489. Attention: Administrator. T
14、his edition incorporates revisions in allInformation Letters through No. 12-1.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on
15、the ASTM website.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United Stat
16、es1and any portion of the cylinder walls extending above thepiston crown when in the top dead center position, and theinner surface of the cylinder head including any spark plugsand other inserted components. D48583.1.3 hot sticking, adjof piston rings, a condition in whichthe ring is stuck in its g
17、roove while the engine is running,normally indicated by varnish or other deposits on the outerface of the ring, by signs of blowby on the piston skirt, or both.3.1.4 lubricity, na qualitative term describing the abilityof a lubricant to minimize friction between and damage tosurfaces in relative mot
18、ion under load. D48633.1.5 preignition, nin a spark-ignition engine, ignition ofthe mixture of fuel and air in the combustion chamber beforethe passage of the spark. D48583.1.6 scoring, vin tribology , a severe form of wearcharacterized by the formation of extensive grooves andscratches in the direc
19、tion of sliding. G403.1.7 scuff, scuffng, vin lubrication , damage caused byinstantaneous localized welding between surfaces in relativemotion which does not result in immobilization of the parts.D48633.1.8 seizure, nin lubrication , welding between surfacesin relative motion that results in immobil
20、ization of the parts.3.1.9 spark plug fouling, vdeposition of essentially non-conducting material onto the electrodes of a spark plug thatmay, but will not necessarily, prevent the plug from operating.3.1.10 spark plug whiskering, or spark plug bridging, vadeposit of conductive material on the spark
21、 plug electrodes thattends to form a bridge between them, thus shorting out theplug.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 benchmark reference oil, nan oil whose perfor-mance in this test method is compared with the performance ofthe non-reference oil.3.2.2 major preignition, nprei
22、gnition that causes a tem-perature increase of 10C or more measured at the spark pluggasket.3.2.3 minor preignition, npreignition that causes a tem-perature increase of more than 7C and less than 10Cmeasured at the spark plug gasket.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The test is run in a 347 cm3Yamaha RD-
23、350B twin-cylinder air-cooled motorcycle engine.5It is intended primarilyto evaluate ring sticking and piston skirt deposits. Spark plugfouling, combustion chamber deposits, and exhaust port block-age are also evaluated. The engine is set up with one cylindersupplied with a fuel and oil mixture made
24、 using the non-reference oil and the other with a fuel and oil mixture using thebenchmark reference oil. The test is normally run twice,exchanging the oils between cylinders for the second run. Eachrun is performed on a 25 min part throttle 5 min idle cycle, witha 60 min shutdown after each 150 min
25、of running time. Totalrunning time per single test is normally 20 h.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is primarily intended for the evaluationof lubricants for use in two-stroke-cycle engines of highspecific output.NOTE 1If the test method is being used to satisfy a portion ofSpecification
26、 D4859, refer to the specification for the pass-fail criteria.6. Apparatus6.1 Test Engine and Stand:6.1.1 Test Engine A Yamaha RD-350B 347 cm3twincylinder motorcycle engine with attached standard transmis-sion (gearbox) is used.5The engine is described more fully inAnnex A1. It is set up on a dynamo
27、meter test stand with amodified fuel system so that each of the cylinders is suppliedindependently through its associated carburetor. A typical teststand is shown in Fig. 1. The dynamometer is located to the leftof the engine behind the instrument cabinet, and is driven bythe motorcycle transmission
28、 output shaft.6.1.2 Lubrication SystemThe test engine, asmanufactured, is provided with an oil injection system bywhich oil is metered to the carburetor bowls from a commonsource. Because the test is run using a different fuel and oilmixture in each carburetor, remove the oil pump and itsconnections
29、 and plug the oil connections to the carburetors.6.1.3 DynamometerThe dynamometer shall be capable ofabsorbing at least 8 kW. The engine crankshaft speed is 6000rpm, and the motorcycle transmission can be used to providespeed reduction. No correction is required for the power loss inthe transmission
30、.6.1.4 Cooling Air A variable delivery blower with a freeflow capacity of about 300 m3/min of air is required. Direct theflow from the blower toward the exhaust side of the engine soas to deliver an approximately equal stream to each cylinder,and vary the flow as required to maintain the spark plug
31、gaskettemperature within the limits specified in Section 9.Itisadvised that the blower be set up to draw its air from outsidethe building. Where this is not practicable, or in hot climates,coolers may be required.6.1.5 Combustion Air The air supply to the engine may betaken from the ambient air in t
32、he test cell, but if a controlled airsource is used, it is recommended that it be set to (25 to 27) Cwith a moisture content of (11 to 12) g/kg of dry air and amaximum pressure at the carburetor inlet of 3.7 kPa. Supply airto each carburetor through a separate flowmeter each having acapacity of 30 k
33、g/h minimum. A plenum chamber is providedat the intake of each carburetor to damp out pulsations. Theseare shown in Fig. 1.6.1.6 Fuel System:6.1.6.1 Supply the fuel to each of the carburetors byindividual electric fuel pumps, each with a capacity of at least2.5 L/h, taking the fuel mix from separate
34、 tanks through paperor ceramic filters and flowmeters as specified in 6.1.6.2. The5Order from Engineering and Service Dept., Yamaha International Corp., P.O.Box 6555, Cypress, CA 90630. Complete RD-350B engines are no longer availablefrom the manufacturer, but all parts are still available and are e
35、xpected to remain so.It is suggested that a used RD-350 series motorcycle be purchased for familiariza-tion purposes.D4857 122fuel shall enter the carburetors at a maximum temperature of25 C and cooling might be required in a hot climate.6.1.6.2 Two flowmeters, one for each carburetor, are re-quired
36、. Any type accurate to 60.01 kg/h at the flow ratespecified in 6.1.6.1 may be used, but those measuring massdirectly rather than volume are preferred. If a volume measur-ing device is used, determine the relationship of density totemperature over the range of fuel temperature experienced forthe actu
37、al test gasoline and test oil mixtures used, and theappropriate value used for conversion of volume to mass.6.1.6.3 When permitted by local regulations, portable con-tainers with a capacity of at least 60 L are recommended tofacilitate changing of fuels. If the fuel lines to the carburetorscannot be
38、 replaced when the fuel and oil mixture is changed, itis necessary to be able to purge the fuel system between thetanks and the carburetors.6.1.7 Exhaust SystemUse the standard motorcycle exhaustsystem, discharging into a pipe of at least 200 mm internaldiameter leading out of the test cell. No modi
39、fication other thanaxial rotation can be made to the exhaust system as supplied byYamaha except the installation of thermocouples as specified in6.2.4. Any rotation of the exhaust system shall be the same forboth cylinders and shall not place the exhaust in the cooling airstream.6.2 Instrumentation:
40、6.2.1 TachometerAn electronic or vibration tachometeraccurate to 625 rpm.6.2.2 Measurement of Ambient Conditions If the air sup-ply to the engine is taken from a controlled source, referencesto ambient pressure, temperature and humidity apply to the airfrom the controlled source.6.2.2.1 TemperatureP
41、rovide a thermocouple or thermom-eter to measure air temperature in the range from (10 to 50) C.The overall accuracy of temperature measurement, includingthat of recorders, if used, shall be within 61C.6.2.2.2 Barometric PressureA barometer measuring thepressure in the test room is required. Its ove
42、rall accuracy,including recorder, if used, shall be within 60.1 kPa.6.2.2.3 HumidityA hygrometer accurate to 63 % or a wetand dry bulb thermometer accurate to 61C is also required.6.2.2.4 RecorderContinuous recording of the ambientconditions is recommended.6.2.3 Spark Plug Gasket Temperature Measure
43、ment:6.2.3.1 Thermocouples The composite gasket normallysupplied with the spark plug is not satisfactory for theattachment of thermocouple wires. A design that has beenfound satisfactory is given in Appendix X1.6,7Make provisionfor shutdown of the engine in the case of a spark plug gaskettemperature
44、 increase of 10 C or more.An automatic shutdownthat operates if such an increase occurs is preferred. As aminimum, provide an alarm to operate after a temperatureincrease of (6 to 7) C to allow manual shut down by theoperator if the 10 limit is exceeded. If the alarm or shutdownis a separate instrum
45、ent from the temperature recorder, it isusually necessary to provide two thermocouples as shown inAppendix X1, but if it is incorporated into the recorder, only6The sole source of supply of the thermostat washer known to the committee atthis time is Lewis Engineering, 238-T Water St., Naugatuck, CT
46、06770.7If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information toASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consider-ation at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.FIG. 1 Test StandD4857 123one thermocouple is required. Gla
47、ss or silica double andconstantan thermocouple wires meeting the requirements ofType J of ANSI Specification MC 96.1 (summarized verybriefly in Specification E230) are normally satisfactory. Con-stantan is an alloy of approximately 40 % nickel (Ni) 60 %copper (Cu) by mass.6.2.4 Exhaust TemperatureA
48、thermocouple is required ineach exhaust elbow within 75 mm of the cylinder exhaust portto monitor exhaust temperature.7,8The junction of the ther-mocouple shall be at the center of the pipe within 63 mm.6.2.5 Temperature Recorder:6.2.5.1 Plug Gasket and Exhaust Temperatures Recordthese temperatures
49、continuously. Maximum interval betweensuccessive recordings of the spark plug gasket temperatureshould not exceed 2 s, and 10 s for the exhaust temperature. Arecorder with a range from (40 to 750) C accurate to 62Cis suitable.6.2.5.2 Temperature of the Air Supplied to the EngineThisis preferably recorded continuously. In any case, log it atintervals of not more than 30 min.6.2.6 Pressure and Humidity of the Air Supplied to theEngineLog the air pressure and humidity at intervals of notmore than 30 min.7. Materials and Reagents7.1 Test Fu
