1、Designation: D 4859 97 (Reapproved 2003)An American National StandardStandard Specification forLubricants for Two-Stroke-Cycle Spark-Ignition GasolineEngines-TC1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4859; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal
2、adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defens
3、e.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers lubricants intended for use intwo-stroke-cycle spark-ignition gasoline engines, typicallyother than outboard motors, that are particularly prone to ringsticking, but which are also liable to suffer damage arisingfrom deposit induced preignition, piston scuff,
4、spark plugfouling and piston varnish.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and the Calculation
5、of DynamicViscosity)2D 664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Productsby Potentiometric Titration2D 874 Test Method for Sulfated Ash from Lubricating Oilsand Additives2D 2270 Practice for Calculating Viscosity Index from Kine-matic Viscosity at 40 and 100C2D 2896 Test Method for Base Number of
6、 Petroleum Prod-ucts by Potentiometric Perchloric Acid Titration2D 4857 Test Method for Determination of the Ability ofLubricants to Minimize Ring Sticking and Piston Depositsin Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline Engines Other Than Out-boards3D 4858 Test Method for Determination of the Tendency ofLubricants
7、to Promote Preignition in Two-Stroke-CycleGasoline Engines3D 4863 Test Method for Determination of Lubricity ofTwo-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline Engine Lubricants32.2 Coordinating European Council (CEC) Standard:CEC L-19-T-77 The Evaluation of the Lubricity of Two-Stroke Engine Oils43. Terminology3.1 Defini
8、tions:3.1.1 cold stickingof piston rings, a condition in whichthe ring is free in its groove while the engine is running butstuck when the piston is cold, normally indicated by theabsence of varnish or other deposits on the outer face of thering and of signs of blowby on the piston skirt. D 48573.1.
9、2 combustion chamberin reciprocating internal com-bustion engines, the volume bounded by the piston crown andany portion of the cylinder walls extending above the pistoncrown when in the top dead center position, and the innersurface of the cylinder head including any spark plugs andother inserted c
10、omponents. D 48583.1.3 hot stickingof piston rings, a condition in which thering is stuck in its groove while the engine is running, normallyindicated by varnish or other deposits on the outer face of thering, by signs of blowby on the piston skirt, or both. D 48573.1.4 lubricitya qualitative term d
11、escribing the ability of alubricant to minimize friction between and damage to surfacesin relative motion under load. D 48633.1.5 preignitionin a spark-ignition engine, ignition ofthe mixture of fuel and air in the combustion chamber beforethe passage of the spark. D 48583.1.6 scuff, scuffngin lubri
12、cation, damage caused byinstantaneous localized welding between surfaces in relativemotion which does not result in immobilization of the parts.D 48633.1.7 seizurein lubrication, welding between surfaces inrelative motion that results in immobilization of the parts.D 48633.1.8 spark plug foulingdepo
13、sition of essentially noncon-ducting material onto the electrodes of a spark plug that may,but will not necessarily, prevent the plug from operating.D 48573.1.9 spark plug whiskering, or spark plug bridgingadeposit of conductive material on the spark plug electrodes1This specification is under the j
14、urisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.B0 on Automotive Lubricants.Current edition approved May 10, 2003. Published August 2003. Originallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as D 485997.2Annual B
15、ook of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.02.4Order from the Coordinating European Council, 61 New Cavendish Street,London, W1M 8AR, England.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.which tends to
16、 form a bridge between them, thus shorting outthe plug. D 48573.2 Definition of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 benchmark reference oilan oil meeting the require-ments of a test of this specification and whose performance onthat test is equalled or exceeded by that of the candidate oilwithin t
17、he specified tolerances.3.2.2 major preignitionpreignition indicated by an in-crease in the combustion chamber temperature of 10C (18F)or more over a period of less than a minute.3.2.3 minor preignitionpreignition indicated by an in-crease in the combustion chamber temperature of 7C (13F)or more but
18、 less than 10C (18F) over a period of less than aminute.4. General Requirements4.1 This specification covers only specific aspects of theperformance of the lubricant in an engine under the conditionsof test. Requirements additional to those of this specification,such as miscibility with gasoline, ma
19、y be agreed between thepurchaser and the supplier.4.2 Performance testing of each batch of lubricant shall notbe required. The supplier shall certify that the product suppliedmeets the requirements of this specification and that it con-forms in all significant respects to a batch of lubricant that h
20、asmet the requirements of this specification. The supplier shallprovide on request the batch and test number and the date andplace of qualification of this previously qualified batch of oil,and such additional information on the physical and chemicalproperties of the lubricant as shall enable the pu
21、rchaser todetect contamination or substitution of product.4.3 Ring Sticking and Piston Deposit TestThe perfor-mance of the candidate oil shall be equal to, within thespecified tolerances, or better than that of the benchmarkreference oil when run under the conditions required by thisspecification an
22、d by the test procedure. The benchmark refer-ence oil used when testing to this specification is ASTM 600.54.4 Lubricity TestThe performance of the candidate oilshall be equal to, within the specified tolerances, or better thanthat of the benchmark reference oil when run under theconditions required
23、 by this specification and by the testprocedure. The benchmark reference oil required by thisspecification is ASTM 600.54.5 Preignition TestNot more than one major preignitionmay occur when running the candidate oil. Minor preignitionsshall be reported with the temperature increase and the time ofoc
24、currence in running hours to the nearest 0.1 h. The bench-mark reference oil used when testing to this specification isASTM 601.6NOTE 1Find a general description of these benchmark reference oilsin Annex A1.5. Summary of Test Methods5.1 Ring Sticking and Piston Deposits-Test MethodD 4857This test is
25、 run in a 347 cm3Yamaha RD-350Btwin-cylinder air-cooled motorcycle engine for 20 h, set upwith number one cylinder supplied with a fuel mix containingthe benchmark reference oil and number two cylinder with afuel mix containing the candidate oil, both at 50:1 fuel to oilratio by volume. The test is
26、normally run twice, exchanging theoils between cylinders for the second run, unless the perfor-mance of the candidate oil exceeds that of the benchmarkreference oil by the margins specified in 6.2.7, in which casethe second run need not be made.5.2 Lubricity-Test Method D 4863The procedure is adevel
27、opment of CEC L-19-T-77, for which test engines are nolonger available. It is run in a Yamaha CE-50 49 cm3single-cylinder air-cooled engine supplied with a 150:1 byvolume fuel to oil mix. The engine is brought to equilibrium at4000 r/min wide open throttle (WOT), and the cooling air flowadjusted to
28、give a spark plug gasket temperature of 169 to171C (336 to 340F). The cooling air to the cylinder is thencut off and the output torque recorded when the plug gaskettemperature reaches 200C (392F) and again when it reaches350C (662F), when the cooling air flow is restored. Thesmaller the reduction in
29、 torque output at constant engine speedduring this interval, the better the ability of the oil to lubricatethe piston. Tests are run alternately on the benchmark referenceoil, ASTM 600, and on the candidate oil. This test does notnormally damage the engine.5.3 Preignition-Test Method D 4858This is r
30、un in aYamaha CE-50 engine. For the purposes of this specificationthe engine is run for 50 h at 4000 r/min at wide open throttle(WOT) using a 20:1 volumetric fuel to oil ratio. The number ofincidences of preignition, as determined by an increase in thetemperature of the combustion chamber over the n
31、ormalrunning level, is observed.6. Pass-Fail Criteria6.1 All TestsThe performance of the candidate oil shall beas good as, within the tolerance allowed, or better than that ofthe benchmark reference oil. Rating procedures are given in thetest methods.6.2 Ring Sticking and Deposit Test:6.2.1 In this
32、test two runs are normally made, exchangingthe oils between cylinders after the first run and the means ofthe ratings for the candidate oil and reference oil are compared,except that a pass may be given to the candidate oil withoutmaking the second run if all conditions stated in 6.2.8 are met.If th
33、e first run of a two run test is conducted with oversizehardware, then the second run shall be conducted on oversizehardware. Conversely, it the first run of a two run test isconducted on standard size hardware, then the second run ofthe two part test shall also be run using standard size hardware.6
34、.2.2 The occurrence of scuff or seizure in any part of thetest engine, with the candidate oil, shall require the test orcurrent portion of Test Method D 4857, to be rerun. If scuff orseizure occurs again with the candidate oil, the test shall beterminated as a failure unless it can be established th
35、at thefailures are caused by some deficiency of the equipment. In thiscase, after correction, the test may be rerun. The occurrence ofscuffing or hot stuck rings in the reference oil cylinder shall notresult in test invalidation.5Order as Citgo No. 93734 from Citgo Petroleum Corp., 555 East Butterfi
36、eldRd., Lombard, IL 60148.6Order from Lubrizol Corp., 29400 Lakeland Boulevard, Wickliffe, OH 44092.D 4859 97 (2003)26.2.3 Second Ring StickingThe mean rating of the secondrings of the candidate oil pistons shall be not more than 0.5merit number below that of the rings run on the 600 referenceoil. U
37、nder no circumstances shall there be any evidence of hotstuck rings in the candidate oil cylinder.6.2.4 Piston Skirt VarnishThe average piston varnishrating of a candidate oil shall be not more than 0.5 meritnumber below that of the 600 benchmark reference oil.6.2.5 Spark Plug Fouling or BridgingNot
38、 more than twomore occurrences per complete test (2 runs) with the candidateoil than with the 600 benchmark reference oil.6.2.6 PreignitionMore than one occurrence of major pre-ignition in the candidate oil cylinder shall constitute a failure.6.2.7 Exhaust Port BlockingThe percentage of the ex-haust
39、 port area blocked by deposits in either run of the test shallbe not more than 10 % greater for the candidate oil than for the600 benchmark reference oil.6.2.8 Early Pass CriterionA test may be terminated afterthe first run with a pass for the candidate oil if the followingconditions all exist:6.2.8
40、.1 Second ring sticking merit rating for the candidateoil is 9.0 or better, regardless of the second ring stickingperformance of the benchmark reference oil, which can occa-sionally exhibit hot stuck rings.6.2.8.2 The piston varnish rating for the candidate oil isabsolutely (without consideration of
41、 tolerance) equal to orbetter than that for the benchmark reference oil.6.2.8.3 There has been no incidence of preignition, major orminor.6.2.8.4 Exhaust port blocking for the candidate oil is notmore than 5 % greater than for the 600 benchmark referenceoil.6.2.8.5 There has been not more than one i
42、ncidence of plugfouling with the candidate oil.6.2.8.6 There is no evidence of scuff, hot stuck rings, orother lubricant related damage in the candidate oil cylinder.6.2.9 Early Fail CriterionA candidate oil test shall berated as a failure, and may be terminated after the first run, ifthere has been
43、 any incidence in the candidate oil cylinder of hotstuck rings, major preignition, or excessive port blockage asdefined in 6.2.7.6.3 Lubricity TestThe average torque drop observed forthe candidate oil shall be equal to or less than that for thebenchmark reference oil ASTM 600. See the Test MethodD 4
44、863 (Annex A4) for the method of computation.6.4 Preignition Test:6.4.1 Major PreignitionNot more than 1 major preigni-tion with the candidate oil.6.4.2 Minor PreignitionThe number of minor preignitionsis not a pass-fail criterion due to poor reproducibility, but an oilshowing six or more minor prei
45、gnitions involving a tempera-ture increase of 7C (12F) or more but less than 10C (18F)shall be retested. If the criterion of 6.4.1 is met on the secondtest the oil passes.6.4.3 Other Plug MalfunctionsNot more than one occur-rence of plug fouling or plug whiskering with the candidate oil.7. Keywords7
46、.1 API TC; engine oil; TC; two-cycle; two stroke; two-stroke cycle engine oil; two-stroke cycle engine oil specifica-tionD 4859 97 (2003)3ANNEX(Mandatory Information)A1. REFERENCE OILSASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any it
47、em mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical com
48、mittee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a
49、meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or servic
