1、Designation: D4863 13Standard Test Method forDetermination of Lubricity of Two-Stroke-Cycle GasolineEngine Lubricants1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4863; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the ye
2、ar of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method2evaluates the
3、 ability of lubricants tominimize piston and bore scuffing in two-stroke-cycle spark-ignition gasoline engines.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety co
4、ncerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3B152/B152M Specification for Copper S
5、heet, Strip, Plate,and Rolled BarD439 Specification for Automotive Gasoline (Withdrawn1990)4D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Productsby Potentiometric TitrationD874 Test Meth
6、od for Sulfated Ash from Lubricating Oilsand AdditivesD2270 Practice for Calculating Viscosity Index from Kine-matic Viscosity at 40 and 100CD2700 Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine FuelD2885 Test Method for Determination of Octane Number ofSpark-Ignition Engine Fuels by On
7、-Line Direct Compari-son TechniqueD2896 Test Method for Base Number of Petroleum Productsby Potentiometric Perchloric Acid TitrationD4857 Test Method for Determination of the Ability ofLubricants to Minimize Ring Sticking and Piston Depositsin Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline Engines Other Than Out-boardsD
8、4858 Test Method for Determination of the Tendency ofLubricants to Promote Preignition in Two-Stroke-CycleGasoline EnginesD6593 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive EngineOils for Inhibition of Deposit Formation in a Spark-Ignition Internal Combustion Engine Fueled with Gaso-line and Operated Un
9、der Low-Temperature, Light-DutyConditionsE178 Practice for Dealing With Outlying Observations2.2 Coordinating European Council (CEC) Standard5CEC L-19-T-77 The Evaluation of the Lubricity of Two-Stroke Engine Oils3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 combustion chamberin reciprocating internal com-bus
10、tion engines, the volume bounded by the piston crown andany portion of the cylinder walls extending above the pistoncrown when in the top dead center position, and the innersurface of the cylinder head including any spark plugs andother inserted components. D48583.1.2 lubricitya qualitative term des
11、cribing the ability of alubricant to minimize friction between and damage to surfacesin relative motion under load.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.B0.06 on Two-Stroke Cycle Gasol
12、ine.Current edition approved June 15, 2013. Published July 2013. Originallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D4863 10. DOI:10.1520/D4863-13.2Until the next revision of this test method, the ASTM Test Monitoring Centerwill update changes in this test method by means of Infor
13、mation Letters. These canbe obtained from theASTMTest Monitoring Center, 6555 PennAve., Pittsburgh, PA152064489. ATT: Administrator. This edition incorporates revisions in all Infor-mation Letters through No. 014.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Cu
14、stomer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.5Order from the Coordinating European Council, 61 New Cavendish
15、Street,London W1M 8AR, England.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.3 preignitionin a spark-ignition engine, ignition of themixture of fuel and air in the
16、 combustion chamber before thepassage of the spark. D48583.1.4 scuffng, nin lubrication, damage caused by instan-taneous localized welding between surfaces in relative motionthat does not result in immobilization of the parts. D65933.1.5 spark plug foulingdeposition of essentially noncon-ducting mat
17、erial onto the electrodes of a spark plug that may,but will not necessarily, prevent the plug from operating.D48573.1.6 spark plug whiskering, or spark plug bridgingadeposit of conductive material on the spark plug electrodeswhich tends to form a bridge between them, thus shorting outthe plug. D4857
18、3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 benchmark reference oila reference oil that repre-sents an acceptable level of performance with regard to theproperty evaluated in an engine test and whose performance inthe test is equaled, within the tolerance allowed, or exceededby that of
19、the non-reference oil.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The test has been developed to replace the CEC L-19-T-77 Lubricity Test, for which test engines are no longeravailable. It is run in a 49 cm3single-cylinder air-cooledtwo-stroke-cycle engine operated at 4000 rpm wide openthrottle (WOT) using a 150:1
20、 mixture of gasoline and oil byvolume. After conditions have stabilized, the cooling air is cutoff. The output torque is measured when the spark plug gaskettemperature reaches 200 C and again when it reaches 350 C,at which point the cooling air is restored. The smaller thereduction in torque output
21、during this period, the better theability of the oil to lubricate the piston.This test is not normallydamaging to the engine. Sets of five such tightenings arenormally run, using alternately a benchmark reference oil andthe non-reference oil for each set.NOTE 1Pass-fail CriterionObtain the mean torq
22、ue drop with anonreference oil that is the same or less than that with the reference oilas calculated by the procedures of Annex A4.5. Significance and Use5.1 The oil in a two-stroke-cycle gasoline engine is eithermixed with the fuel prior to use or is metered into the fuelsupply at, or at some poin
23、t prior to, its passage into the enginecrankcase. The possibility of the amount of oil actually presentin the engine being less than optimum always exists.Also, withsome oil metering systems short periods of operation with lessoil than desirable can occur when the power is increasedsuddenly. It has
24、also been found that the incidence of pistonscuff early in the life of the engine might be related to thelubricity of the oil used as defined by test procedures of thistype.6. Apparatus6.1 Test Engine and Stand:6.1.1 Test Engine ConfigurationAYamaha CE-50 49 cm3loop-scavenged air-cooled two-stroke-c
25、ycle engine is used.This has 40 mm bore, 39.2 mm stroke, with an aluminumpiston operating in a cast iron cylinder bore. The cylinder headis removable, with a hemispherical combustion chamber.Further details are given in Annex A1. For the purposes of thistest, the standard piston-to-bore clearance is
26、 increased asspecified in 6.1.2. The engine is no longer produced. Smallquantities of parts can be obtained through Yamaha dealers.Special arrangements shall be made through Yamaha for theproduction of large quantities of test parts.NOTE 2The engine designation normally includes a final letterindica
27、ting the model, such as CE-50S, the model on which this test wasdeveloped. If this model is not available check the suitability for this testof available models with the manufacturer.66.1.2 Adjustment of Piston Clearance For the purposes ofthis test method, hone the cylinder bore to give a (0.10 to0
28、.13) mm piston skirt diametral clearance with a (0.45 to0.7) m arithmetic mean roughness finish, as specified in A3.4.It is recommended that a number of cylinders be honed out asit is normally necessary to use a new piston for each test anda new cylinder after every three tests. Clearly mark themodi
29、fied cylinders as such.(1) The power and specific fuel consumption curves at500 rpm intervals over the range from (3000 to 6000) rpm.(2) The spark plug gasket temperatures for each point ofthe power curve.(3) Modified piston clearance, with measurements of thepiston and cylinder bore dimensions. Add
30、itional modifiedpiston and cylinder assemblies can also be supplied.(4) Measurements of the piston rings, ring grooves, ringclearances, and ring gaps.6.2 Test StandThe dynamometer shall be able to absorb2.5 kW at 4000 rpm with an inherent torque measurementaccuracy of 60.5 % or better, and be capabl
31、e of maintaining(4000 6 30) rpm with varying power input.Adirect shaft driveor a belt drive from the engine crankshaft may be used. Acomplete test stand assembly, as shown in Fig. 1, is available.76.3 Cooling BlowerRemove the original internal enginefan or have its blades machined off.Avariable deli
32、very blowerwith a free flow capacity of about 34 m3/min of air isrecommended. Direct the flow from the blower toward theintake side of the engine, as can be seen in Fig. 1.6.4 Fuel SystemProvide quick disconnects or other meansto facilitate rapid interchange of fuel supply as near to thecarburetor a
33、s practicable. When local regulations permit theiruse, outboard portable fuel tanks of about (20 to 25) L capacityand flexible fuel hoses are suitable. In any case three fuelsources are needed for a test, one for the non-reference oil-fuelmix, one for the reference oil-fuel mix, and one supplying te
34、stgasoline only with no oil. The temperature of the fuel enteringthe carburetor shall not exceed 25 C, and this might requirecooling in hot climates.6.5 Instrumentation:6Obtainable from Engineering and Service Dept., Yamaha Motor Corp., 6555Katella Ave Cypress, CA 90630. Parts, but not complete engi
35、nes, are obtainablefrom Yamaha motorcycle dealers.7A thermocouple gasket that has been found satisfactory may be obtained fromThe Lewis Engineering Company, 238 Water St., Naugatuck, CT 06770.D4863 1326.5.1 TachometerAn electronic or vibration tachometeraccurate to 625 rpm.6.5.2 Measurement of Ambie
36、nt ConditionsIt is assumed inthis section that the engine draws ambient air from the testroom. If it is supplied with air from a controlled source,references to ambient temperature, pressure and humidityapply to the air from the controlled source.6.5.2.1 TemperatureProvide a thermocouple or thermom-
37、eter to read air temperature in the range (10 to 50) C. Theoverall accuracy of temperature measurement, including that ofrecorders, shall be within 61 C.6.5.2.2 Barometric PressureA barometer measuring thepressure in the test room is required. Its overall accuracy,including the recorder, shall be wi
38、thin 60.1 kPa.6.5.2.3 HumidityA hygrometer accurate to 63 % or a wetand dry bulb thermometer accurate to 61 C is also required.6.5.2.4 CalibrationCalibrate the tachometer, ambienttemperature, and pressure measurement devices every 90 days.The calibration standard shall be traceable to NIST.6.5.2.5 R
39、ecorderContinuous recording of the ambientconditions is recommended.6.5.3 Engine and System Temperatures:6.5.3.1 Spark Plug Gasket TemperatureThe spark pluggasket may be fitted with one or two thermocouples, thenumber depending on the instrumentation used. A design thathas been found satisfactory is
40、 described in Appendix X1.76.5.3.2 Exhaust TemperatureA thermocouple is requiredin the exhaust elbow within approximately 65 mm from thecylinder exhaust port to monitor exhaust temperature.8Locatethe thermocouple junction within 63 mm of the center of thepipe.6.5.3.3 Spark Plug Gasket and Exhaust Te
41、mperatureRecordersRecord these temperatures using a system capableof storing the data for later retrieval. Maximum intervalbetween successive recordings of the spark plug gasket tem-perature shall not exceed 1 s, those of the exhaust temperatureshould not exceed 10 s. A recorder with a range of (40
42、to750) C and an overall accuracy of 61 C is suitable.An alarmor automatic shut-down device may be provided.6.5.3.4 CalibrationCalibrate the exhaust and spark pluggasket temperature measurement devices every 90 days. Thecalibration standard shall be traceable to NIST.7. Materials and Reagents7.1 Test
43、 Fuel:7.1.1 Phillips J is the preferred test fuel.9It consists essen-tially of hydrocarbons and contains trace amounts only of lead.7.1.2 If Phillips J is not available, use gasoline containing0.013 g/L maximum of lead, free of non-lead metallic anti-knock additives and oxygenated blending component
44、s such asalcohols or ethers, with a minimum Motor Octane number of82 as determined by Test Method D2700 or D2885 andotherwise conforming to the requirements of SpecificationD439 Class A or Class B. It may contain conventionalanticorrosion, anti-icing, and so forth, additives and oxidationinhibitors
45、in normal concentration. Test any such alternativegasoline by the procedure of 9.6 before it is adopted as a testfuel as it has been found that adequate differentiation betweenreference oils cannot be obtained with some fuels, such asisooctane, that otherwise meet the requirements of this section.7.
46、1.3 About 72 L of fuel are required for a complete test,including 15 L for the break-in.7.2 Reference OilsASTM 604 and 602 reference oils areused for calibration purposes.10ASTM 600 reference oil isused for break-in and as an assembly lubricant, and can bespecified as the benchmark reference oil. Ab
47、out 0.4 L of eachreference oil is required to run a calibration test, and 0.4 L ofASTM 600 for a break-in. The properties of these oils aresummarized in Annex A2.7.3 Non-reference OilAbout 0.4 Lis required for a test.Atleast twice this amount should be provided in case the test isrerun.8. Procedure8
48、.1 Assembly of Engine:8A suitable instrument is available from Omega Engineering Inc., P.O. Box4047, One Omega Dr., Stanford, CT 06907.9Available from Phillips Chemical Co., Specialty Chemicals, P.O. Box 968,Borger, TX 79008-0968.10Available fromASTMTest Monitoring Center, 6555 PennAve., Pittsburgh,
49、 PA152064489.FIG. 1 Test StandD4863 1338.1.1 Initial BuildThe test engine is initially built up usinga new piston, rings, cylinder (modified as specified in 6.1.2),and cylinder base and head gaskets (see AnnexA3). The test isnot sensitive to compression ratio and this need not bedetermined.8.1.2 Rebuild After TestIt is not necessary to use new partsafter each test other than gaskets, a new piston, new pistonrings and a new or reconditioned muffler, provided that all partsare clean and within specification with no sign of damage. Thecyli
