1、Designation: D4868 17Standard Test Method forEstimation of Net and Gross Heat of Combustion ofHydrocarbon Burner and Diesel Fuels1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4868; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revi
2、sion, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the gross andnet heat of combustion in SI units, megajoul
3、es per kilogram, ofhydrocarbon fuels and blendstocks from the fuel density andsulfur, water, and ash contents.1.1.1 This test method is not applicable to fuels containingnon-hydrocarbons such as alcohols (for example, ethanol,methanol), ethers (for example, MTBE), or esters (for example,biodiesel).N
4、OTE 1The equation for estimation of net and gross heat ofcombustion used in this method was originally published as NBSMiscellaneous Publication No. 97.1.2 This test method is especially useful for estimating,using a minimum number of tests, the heat of combustion ofburner and diesel fuels (which do
5、 not contain non-hydrocarboncomponents) for which it is not usually critical to obtain veryprecise heat determinations.NOTE 2More accurate estimation methods are available for aviationfuels (Test Methods D1405, D4529,and D3338). However, those estima-tion methods require additional tests to those re
6、quired in this test method.1.3 This test method is purely empirical (Note 1). It wasderived using liquid hydrocarbon fuels produced by normalrefining processes from conventional crude oil that conform tothe requirements of specifications for petroleum fuels asdescribed in Note 3. This test method is
7、 valid for those fuels inthe density range from 750 kg/m3to 1000 kg/m3and those thatdo not contain an unusually high aromatic content. Higharomatic content fuels will not normally meet some fuelspecification criteria.NOTE 3The estimation of the heat of combustion of a hydrocarbonfuel from its densit
8、y and sulfur, water, and ash content is justifiable onlywhen the fuel belongs to well-defined classes for which a relationshipbetween these quantities have been derived from accurate experimentalmeasurements on representative samples of these classes. Even in theseclasses, the possibility that the e
9、stimate can be in error for individual fuelsshould be recognized. This test method has been tested for a limitednumber of fuels from oil sand bitumen and shale oil origin and has beenfound to be valid. The classes of fuels used to establish the correlationpresented in this test method are represente
10、d by the following applica-tions:Fuel (not applicable to any fuels containing non-hydrocarbon components)SpecificationFuel OilsGrades No. 1, 2, 4 (light), 4, 5 (light), 5 (heavy), and6D396DieselGrades No. 1-D, 2-D, and 4-D D975Aviation TurbineJet A and Jet A-1 D1655Jet B D6615Gas TurbineGrades No. 0
11、-GT, 1-GT, 2-GT, 3-GT, and 4-GT D2880KeroseneGrades No. 1-K and 2-K D36991.4 This test method is not applicable to pure hydrocarboncompounds. It is not intended as a substitute for highlyaccurate experimental measurements of heat of combustion(Note 4).NOTE 4The procedures for the experimental determ
12、ination of thegross and net heats of combustion are described in Test Methods D240 andD4809.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, ass
13、ociated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products andBitum
14、inous Materials by DistillationD129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-eral High Pressure Decomposition Device Method)1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D0
15、2.05 on Properties of Fuels, Petroleum Coke and Carbon Material.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2017. Published February 2017. Originallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D4868 00 (2010).DOI: 10.1520/D4868-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm
16、.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box
17、C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the
18、 World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1D240 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hy-drocarbon Fuels by Bomb CalorimeterD396 Specification for Fuel OilsD482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum ProductsD975 Specification for Diesel Fuel OilsD1266 Test Method for
19、Sulfur in Petroleum Products (LampMethod)D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or APIGravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-ucts by Hydrometer MethodD1405 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-tion of Aviation FuelsD1480 Test Method for Density and Relative Densit
20、y (Spe-cific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Bingham Pycnom-eterD1481 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-cific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Lipkin BicapillaryPycnometerD1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byHigh Temperature Combustion and Infrared (IR) Detec-tion or
21、 Thermal Conductivity Detection (TCD)D1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine FuelsD1744 Test Method for Determination of Water in LiquidPetroleum Products by Karl Fischer Reagent (Withdrawn2016)3D1796 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Fuel Oils bythe Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)D262
22、2 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byWavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD2880 Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel OilsD3338 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-tion of Aviation FuelsD3699 Specification for KerosineD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Dens
23、ity, and APIGravity of Liquids by Digital Density MeterD4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and PetroleumProducts by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-trometryD4529 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-tion of Aviation FuelsD4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of LiquidH
24、ydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (PrecisionMethod)D5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur inLight Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, DieselEngine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet FluorescenceD6304 Test Method for Determination of Water in Petro-leum Products, Lubricating Oi
25、ls, and Additives by Cou-lometric Karl Fischer TitrationD6615 Specification for Jet B Wide-Cut Aviation TurbineFuelD7039 Test Method for Sulfur in Gasoline, Diesel Fuel, JetFuel, Kerosine, Biodiesel, Biodiesel Blends, andGasoline-Ethanol Blends by Monochromatic WavelengthDispersive X-ray Fluorescenc
26、e Spectrometry2.2 NIST Publication:NBS Miscellaneous Publication No. 97 Thermal Propertiesof Petroleum Products43. Summary of Test Method3.1 The density and sulfur, water, and ash content of thesample are determined by experimental test methods. The heatof combustion is calculated using the values o
27、btained by thesetest methods based on reported correlations.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method is intended for use in cases where anexperimental determination of heat of combustion is notavailable and cannot be made conveniently, and where anestimate is considered satisfactory. It is not in
28、tended as asubstitute for experimental measurement of heat of combus-tion.5. Procedure5.1 Determine the density to the nearest 0.1 kg/m3asdescribed in Test Methods D1298, D1480, D1481 or D4052.5.2 Determine the sulfur content of the sample to the nearest0.01 % by mass sulfur as described in Test Met
29、hods D129,D1266, D1552, D2622, D4294, D5453,orD7039.5.3 Determine the water content of the sample to the nearest0.05 % by mass water as described in Test Methods D95,D1744, D1796,orD6304.5.4 Determine the ash content of the sample to two signifi-cant figures as described in Test Method D482.6. Calcu
30、lation6.1 Calculate the gross heat of combustion of the fuelcorrected for the sulfur, water and ash content in accordancewith the following equation:Qvgross! 5 51.916 2 8.792 d231026! (1)1 2 x 1 y 1 s#!19.420swhere:Qv= gross heat of combustion at constant volume, MJ/kg,d = density at 15 C, kg m3,x =
31、 mass fraction of water (% divided by 100),y = mass fraction of ash (% divided by 100), ands = mass fraction of sulfur (% divided by 100).6.2 Calculate the net heat of combustion of the fuel cor-rected for the sulfur, water and ash content in accordance withthe following equation:Qpnet! 5 46.423 2 8
32、.792 d23102613.170d 31023! (2)1 2 x 1 y 1 s#!19.420s 2 2.449xwhere:Qp= net heat of combustion at constant pressure, MJ/kg,3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4Available by download from National Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST), https:/libra
33、ry.nist.gov/uhtbin/cgisirsi/x/SIRSI/0/57/60/61/X?user_id=WEBSERVERD4868 1727. Report7.1 Report the result as the estimated gross or net heat ofcombustion in MJ/kg to the nearest 0.01.8. Precision and Bias8.1 PrecisionThe precision5of the estimated values willbe dependent upon the accuracy of the det
34、ermined density andsulfur, water and ash contents. The following precision is theaggregate precision of the measurements used to calculate theheat content by (Eq 1) and (Eq 2) and does not indicate theprecision of the heat content of an individual sample. Thatprecision is estimated in Note 4. When u
35、sing data on thedensity, sulfur, water and ash content of a fuel determined byTest Methods D4052, D4294, D1796, and D482, respectively,the following criteria shall be used for judging the acceptabilityof estimated heat of combustion results.8.1.1 RepeatabilityThe difference between successive re-sul
36、ts obtained by the same operator with the same apparatusunder constant operating conditions on identical test materialwould, in the long run, in the normal and correct operation ofthe test method exceed the following value only in one case intwenty:Repeatability 0.05 MJ/kg8.1.2 ReproducibilityThe di
37、fference between two singleand independent results, obtained by different operators work-ing in different laboratories on identical test material would, inthe long run, and in the normal and correct operation of the testmethod, exceed the following value only in one case in twenty:Reproducibility 0.
38、15 MJ/kg8.2 BiasBias cannot be determined for the procedure inTest Method D4868 since the data used to determine thecorrelation cannot be compared with accepted reference mate-rials.NOTE 5The correlation equations were tested using 199 present dayfuels. The data is included in ASTM Research Report R
39、R:D02-1233.About 95 % of the calculated data were within 0.35 MJ/kg of measuredheats of combustion.9. Keywords9.1 burner fuels; diesel fuels; gross heat of combustion;heat energy; heat of combustion; heating tests; hydrocarbonfuels; net heat of combustionSUMMARY OF CHANGESSubcommittee D02.05 has ide
40、ntified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue(D4868 00 (2010) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Jan. 1, 2017.)(1) Revised the title of the standard.(2) Revised Section 1, Scope, and Section 2, ReferencedDocuments.(3) Revised subsections 5.1, 5.2, an
41、d 5.3.(4) Revised Eq 1 and Eq 2.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof
42、infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this st
43、andard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your
44、 views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by cont
45、acting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1233. ContactASTM CustomerService at serviceastm.org.D4868 173
