1、Designation: D 4879 02 (Reapproved 2006)Standard Guide forGeotechnical Mapping of Large Underground Openings inRock1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4879; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the yea
2、r of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThis guide is intended for use in both civil and mining underground excavations, whether new orexisting, which m
3、ay be either regular or irregular in section, large enough to be accessible to a person,and for which a record of encountered conditions and features is desired. The details of thegeotechnical mapping will be dependent upon the features being mapped, and the proposed use of theinformation. The infor
4、mation covered in this guide will be based upon observations and measurementsat the surface of the excavation; geophysical measurements are not included. In general, sufficientinformation should be collected about features of interest to define uncertainty and facilitate consistentinterpretation. Ma
5、pping in accordance with this guide is useful to provide a data base for design, forstability analyses, for confirmation of geotechnical predictions, for maintenance and monitoring, andas a permanent record of construction. This guide is not intended to provide, of itself, the methodologyfor rigorou
6、s collection of sufficient local, detailed, data for model development or verification, for insitu testing, or for ore search.1. Scope*1.1 This guide recommends procedures for mapping largesubsurface openings made for either civil or mining purposes.1.2 The mapping provides characterization and docu
7、menta-tion of the condition of the rock mass at the excavation surface.1.3 The mapping may be accomplished during or afterexcavation; however, if possible, the mapping should becompleted before construction activity modifies or obscures thesurface condition and especially any critical geologic featu
8、res.1.4 The mapping level of detail shall be appropriate for itsintended use. This mapping does not replace rigorous investi-gations to develop physical or mathematical models of behav-ior.1.5 When soil or soil-like materials are encountered in theexcavation, they should also be appropriately mapped
9、 anddescribed in accordance with applicable ASTM standards.1.6 Many of the procedures presented in this guide may beused, as well, to map surface excavations.1.7 The mapping does not replace the surveying of excava-tion geometry.1.8 All observed and calculated values shall conform to theguidelines f
10、or significant digits and rounding established inPractice D 60261.9 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the appli
11、ca-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 This guide offers an organized collection of informa-tion or a series of options and does not recommend a specificcourse of action. This document cannot replace education orexperience and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgment. N
12、ot all aspects of this guide may be applicable in allcircumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy ofa given professional service must be judged, nor should thisdocument be applied without consideration of a projects manyunique
13、aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of thisdocument means only that the document has been approvedthrough the ASTM consensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 420 Guide to Site Characterization for Engineering De-sign and Construction PurposesD 653 Terminology Relating to So
14、il, Rock, and ContainedFluids1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.12 on Rock Mechanics.Current edition approved May 1, 2006. Published June 2006. Originallypublished approved in 1989. Last previous edition app
15、roved in 2002 as D 487902.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appe
16、ars at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D 2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils(Visual-Manual Procedure)D 5731 Test Method for Determination of the Point LoadStrength Index o
17、f RockD 5873 Test Method for Determination of Rock Hardnessby Rebound Hammer MethodD 6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechni-cal Data3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms used in this guide to refer toTerminology D 653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 adi
18、ta horizontal or nearly horizontal passage drivenfrom the surface for the working or unwatering of an under-ground excavation (based on Ref (1).33.2.2 alteration of rockany change in the mineralogiccomposition of a rock brought about by physical or chemicalmeans, especially by the action of hydrothe
19、rmal solutions; also,a secondary, that is, supergene, change in a rock or mineral (2).3.2.2.1 DiscussionAlteration is sometimes considered asa phase of metamorphism, but is usually distinguished from itbecause of being milder and more localized than metamor-phism is generally thought to be (2).3.2.3
20、 apertureperpendicular distance between adjacentrock walls of a discontinuity in which the intervening spacecontains air, water, or uncemented infilling materials.3.2.4 backthe roof or upper part in any undergroundcavity (based on Ref (1).3.2.5 bedding surfacethe interface between two adjacentbeds o
21、f sedimentary rock; bedding is the arrangement ofsedimentary rock in layers of varying thickness, composition,texture, or color. The term may be applied to the layeredarrangement and structure of igneous and metamorphic rock(based on Ref (2).3.2.6 cleavage planesparallel or subparallel surfacesalong
22、 which a rock or mineral separates. D 6533.2.7 crownthe curved roof of a tunnel (1).3.2.8 discontinuityas used in this guide, a surface ofseparation in the earth materials, which may be filled withother materials.3.2.8.1 DiscussionDiscontinuities include joints, cleav-age, faults, induced fractures,
23、 and some bedding surfaces, somefoliation surfaces and some contacts.3.2.9 drifta horizontal passage underground.3.2.10 facethe surface exposed by excavation, at the endof the tunnel heading, or at the end of the full-size excavation(based on Ref (1).3.2.11 fall of grounda mass of roof or side mater
24、ial whichhas fallen in any underground excavation resulting from anycause, natural or man-induced (based on Ref (1).3.2.12 faulta natural break in the physical continuity ofrock along which appreciable displacement has taken placeparallel to the breaks surface (based on Ref (2).3.2.12.1 DiscussionTh
25、e term shear has been applied ingeotechnical practice to small faults or faults with smalldisplacement.3.2.13 floorthat part of any underground opening uponwhich a person walks or upon which a roadway is laid (basedon Ref (3).3.2.14 flowing grounda mixture of earth materials andwater flowing into th
26、e excavation like a viscous fluid.3.2.15 foliationthe parallel arrangement of platy or pris-matic minerals; also the parallel arrangement of streaks orirregular bands of minerals in metamorphic rocks; a genericterm including schistosity and some rock cleavage.3.2.16 fractureas used in this guide, re
27、fers to an artificialbreak and is preceded by a modifier, for example, blastingfracture.3.2.16.1 DiscussionThis is the generic term of a naturalbreak in the physical continuity of rock; includes joints andfaults. D 6533.2.17 infillingmaterial that separates the adjacent rockwalls of a discontinuity
28、and that may be weaker than the parentrock.3.2.17.1 DiscussionTypical filling materials are sand, silt,clay, breccia, gouge, or mylonite. This term also includes thinmineral coatings and healed discontinuities, for example,quartz and calcite veins.3.2.18 invertthe curved floor of a tunnel or other u
29、nder-ground opening (based on Ref (1).3.2.19 jointa natural break in the physical continuity ofrock with little or no displacement parallel to the breakssurface.3.2.20 overbreakthe rock which is broken by blastingoutside the intended excavation line (based on Ref (1).3.2.21 partinga thin sedimentary
30、 layer within a bed, suchas a shale parting in coal; also a surface along which a rock isreadily separated, such as bedding surface parting (based onRef (2).3.2.22 planaritythis refers to a wave length of asperitiesgreater than 50 mm. It is described by the same asperityfeatures as are used in rough
31、ness (see also roughness).3.2.23 ravelling groundchunks or flakes of materialwhich begin to drop out of the arch or walls some time after theground has been exposed.3.2.23.1 DiscussionIn fast ravelling ground the processstarts within a few minutes after exposure; otherwise theground is slow ravellin
32、g.3.2.24 roofthe ceiling of any underground excavation (3).3.2.25 roughnessthis describes the topography of a dis-continuity surface (see also planarity).3.2.25.1 DiscussionDegree of roughness refers to an as-perity wave length of 50 mm or less (discernible in a 50-mmnominal diameter core). Degree o
33、f roughness is described byheight and wave length of the asperities, as well as angularityand their true and apparent orientations.3.2.26 running groundgranular materials without cohe-sion which are unstable at slopes greater than their angles ofrepose.3The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to R
34、eferences at the end of thisstandard.D 4879 02 (2006)23.2.27 shaftan excavation of small area compared with itsdepth made for exploration or raising rock, soil or water,hoisting and lowering personnel and material, or ventilatingunderground excavations (based on Ref (1).3.2.28 shearsee fault.3.2.29
35、spring linethe junction of the roof arch and thesides of a tunnel, drift, or adit (based on Ref. (1).3.2.30 squeezing groundground which extrudes plasti-cally into the excavation without visible fracturing or loss ofcontinuity.3.2.31 swelling groundground which absorbs water, in-creases in volume, a
36、nd expands slowly into the excavation.3.2.32 terminationthe end, or the form of the end, of thetrace of a planar feature such as a joint.3.2.33 trace lengththe length of the line formed by theintersection between a planar feature such as a joint and anexposed surface of rock or soil in an excavation
37、 (based on Ref(3).3.2.34 tunnela horizontal or nearly horizontal under-ground passage that is open to the atmosphere at both ends; thisterm is often applied to an adit (based on Ref (1).3.2.35 weatheringthe destructive process or group ofprocesses constituting that part of erosion whereby earthy and
38、rocky materials on exposure to atmospheric agents at or nearthe earths surface are changed in character (color, texture,composition, firmness, or form), with little or no transport ofthe loosened or altered material; specifically the physicaldisintegration and chemical decomposition of rock that pro
39、-duce an in situ mantle of waste and prepare sediments fortransportation (2).3.2.35.1 DiscussionMost weathering occurs at the sur-face, but it may take place at considerable depths, as in welljointed rocks that permit easy penetration of atmosphericoxygen and circulating surface waters (2).3.3 Abbre
40、viations:3.3.1 Some useful rock condition abbreviations are as fol-lows:3.3.1.1 blkyblocky.3.3.1.2 brbreccia.3.3.1.3 Cclay.3.3.1.4 crcrushed.3.3.1.5 d.g.decomposed granite (popular term in con-struction).3.3.1.6 frfractured.3.3.1.7 Ggravel.3.3.1.8 ggouge.3.3.1.9 hhard.3.3.1.10 jtjoint.3.3.1.11 Msilt
41、 (after Swedish word mo).3.3.1.12 masmassive.3.3.1.13 mhmoderately hard.3.3.1.14 msmoderately soft.3.3.1.15 rsrust stains on joints.3.3.1.16 Ssand.3.3.1.17 ssoft.3.3.1.18 swslightly weathered.3.3.1.19 wweathered or decomposed.4. Significance and Use4.1 The geotechnical map resulting from application
42、 of theprocedures set forth in this guide is permanent documentationwhich may be used in the following ways:4.1.1 Compilation of basic geotechnical information.4.1.2 Design verification.4.1.3 Evaluation of preconstruction assumptions.4.1.4 Instrumentation location and data analyses.4.1.5 Identificat
43、ion and location of problems and potentialproblems.4.1.6 Provision of records for cost and claims adjustments.4.1.7 Provision of information useful in future similar ornearby projects.4.2 Construction or safety considerations may limit theability to map to the full extent of the procedures of this g
44、uide.4.3 There are significant benefits to mapping as close to theadvancing face of the opening as is feasible, depending uponsafety and logistical considerations.4.4 Mapping emphasis should be placed on those geotech-nical features which are anticipated or are found to affectoverall performance of
45、the excavation.4.5 Dust, water, lack of light, limited exposures, or otherphysical factors may affect the quality of the mapping.5. Apparatus5.1 Engineering Tape, 25 m, or as appropriate.5.2 Waterproof Paper, if tunnel wetness requires.5.3 Covered Clip Board.5.4 Required Safety Equipment, such as a
46、hard hat.5.5 Protractor, with movable arm.5.6 Engineers Scale.5.7 Pocket Transit (Note 1).NOTE 1Readings may be affected by excavation steel supports,electrical and mechanical equipment, or natural sources.5.8 Supplemental Light Sources.5.9 Pencils.5.10 Sample Containers.5.11 Rock Hammer.5.12 Option
47、al Equipment:5.12.1 Camera, Flash, and High-Speed Film.5.12.2 Containers, or apparatus, to measure water flowquantities.5.12.3 Schmidt Rebound Hammer Test Method D 5873.5.12.4 Point Load Testing Device Test Method D 5731.5.12.5 Thermometer.6. Procedure6.1 The mapping shall be performed by persons wi
48、thtraining in geology and with experience in underground map-ping.These persons shall review the regional and local geologyprior to mapping. A geologically qualified professional shallsupervise and be responsible for the mapping.6.2 Provision for mapping operations and a description ofany required c
49、onstructor assistance in the mapping effort shallbe included in the construction plan or specification.6.3 The construction schedule shall provide adequate timefor geotechnical mapping.D 4879 02 (2006)36.4 A pre-mapping meeting shall be held among involvedparties to determine required details of the mapping. Verycareful consideration shall be given to the selection of thosefeatures to be mapped in detail and to the level of detail. Thetendency to record every attribute of the rock mass andassociated fe
