1、Designation: D4956 16aD4956 16bStandard Specification forRetroreflective Sheeting for Traffic Control1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4956; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revis
2、ion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers flexible, non-ex
3、posed glass bead lens and microprismatic, retroreflective sheeting designed for useon traffic control signs, delineators, barricades, and other devices. This specification covers the performance of retroreflectivesheeting materials and does not specifically address inks, overlays, or other imaging m
4、ethods that may be applied to retroreflectivesheeting material to create traffic signs or other devices.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not
5、 considered standard.1.3 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 7, of this specification.This standarddoes not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of thisstandard to estab
6、lish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2B209 Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Sheet and PlateB209M Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Sheet and Plate (Metric
7、)B449 Specification for Chromates on AluminumD2794 Test Method for Resistance of Organic Coatings to the Effects of Rapid Deformation (Impact)E284 Terminology of AppearanceE308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by Using the CIE SystemE808 Practice for Describing RetroreflectionE810 Test M
8、ethod for Coefficient of Retroreflection of Retroreflective Sheeting Utilizing the Coplanar GeometryE811 Practice for Measuring Colorimetric Characteristics of Retroreflectors Under Nighttime ConditionsE991 Practice for Color Measurement of Fluorescent Specimens Using the One-Monochromator MethodE11
9、64 Practice for Obtaining Spectrometric Data for Object-Color EvaluationE1247 Practice for Detecting Fluorescence in Object-Color Specimens by SpectrophotometryE1347 Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Measurement by Tristimulus ColorimetryE1349 Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by
10、 Spectrophotometry Using Bidirectional (45:0 or 0:45) GeometryE2152 Practice for Computing the Colors of Fluorescent Objects from Bispectral Photometric DataE2153 Practice for Obtaining Bispectral Photometric Data for Evaluation of Fluorescent ColorE2301 Test Method for Daytime Colorimetric Properti
11、es of Fluorescent Retroreflective Sheeting and Marking Materials for HighVisibility Traffic Control and Personal Safety Applications Using 45:Normal GeometryG7 Practice for Atmospheric Environmental Exposure Testing of Nonmetallic MaterialsG113 Terminology Relating to Natural and Artificial Weatheri
12、ng Tests of Nonmetallic MaterialsG147 Practice for Conditioning and Handling of Nonmetallic Materials for Natural and Artificial Weathering TestsG151 Practice for Exposing Nonmetallic Materials in Accelerated Test Devices that Use Laboratory Light SourcesG155 Practice for Operating Xenon Arc Light A
13、pparatus for Exposure of Non-Metallic Materials1 This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D04 on Road and Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.38 on HighwayTraffic Control Materials.Current edition approved May 1, 2016July 1, 2016. Published May
14、2016August 2016. Originally approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2016 asD4956 16.D4956 16a. DOI: 10.1520/D4956-16A.10.1520/D4956-16B.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standar
15、dsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to
16、 adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Cons
17、hohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12.2 Other StandardsISO 4892-2:2006 Plastics Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources - Part 2: Xenon-arc lampsISO 4892-2:2006/Amd.1:2009 Plastics Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources - Part 2: Xenon-arc lampsEN12899-1:2007 Fixed, vertical road
18、 traffic signs - Part 1: Fixed signs3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions of terms are as described in Terminology E284, Practice E808, and Terminology G113.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 reboundable sheeting, nretroreflective material intended to be attached to flexible
19、 impact resistant plastic devices, suchas traffic drum-like channelizing devices.4. Classification4.1 Retroreflective sheeting shall consist of a white or colored sheeting having a smooth outer surface and that essentially hasthe property of a retroreflector over its entire surface. There are nine t
20、ypes and five classes of retroreflective sheeting. Types aredetermined by conformance to the retroreflectance, color, and durability requirements listed in 6.1 and may be of any constructionproviding that those requirements are met. Type designation is provided as a means for differentiating functio
21、nal performance.Typical examples of applications are provided for descriptive information only and are not intended to be limitations orrecommendations. Common identifiers for each type are listed in 4.2.4.1.1 The typical applications for the retroreflective sheeting addressed in this specification
22、are:Type Typical ApplicationI Highway signing, construction-zone devices, and delineatorsII Highway signing, construction-zone devices, and delineatorsIII Highway signing, construction-zone devices, and delineatorsIV Highway signing, construction-zone devices, and delineatorsV DelineatorsVI Temporar
23、y roll-up signs, warning signs, traffic cone collars, and postbandsVII This type designation has been replaced with Type VIIIVIII Highway signing, construction-zone devices, and delineatorsIX Highway signing, construction-zone devices, and delineatorsX This type designation has been replaced with Ty
24、pe VIIIXI Highway signing, construction-zone devices, and delineators4.2 Retroreflective sheeting shall be classified as follows (the type sequence is not indicative of performance level):4.2.1 Type IAretroreflective sheeting referred to as “engineering grade” that is typically an enclosed lens glas
25、s-bead sheeting.Applications for this material include permanent highway signing, construction zone devices, and delineators.4.2.2 Type IIA retroreflective sheeting referred to as “super engineer grade” that is typically an enclosed lens glass-beadsheeting. Applications for this material include per
26、manent highway signing, construction zone devices, and delineators.4.2.3 Type IIIA retroreflective sheeting referred to as “high-intensity” that is typically manufactured as an encapsulatedglass-bead retroreflective material or as an unmetalized microprismatic retroreflective element material. Appli
27、cations for thismaterial include permanent highway signing, construction zone devices, and delineators.4.2.4 Type IVA retroreflective sheeting referred to as “high-intensity” that is typically an unmetalized microprismaticretroreflective element material.Applications for this material include perman
28、ent highway signing, construction zone devices, anddelineators.4.2.5 Type VA retroreflective sheeting referred to as “super high-intensity” that is typically a metalized microprismaticretroreflective element material. This sheeting is typically used for delineators.4.2.6 Type VIAn elastomeric retror
29、eflective sheeting without adhesive. This sheeting is typically a vinyl microprismaticretroreflective material. Applications include orange temporary roll-up warning signs, traffic cone collars, and post bands.4.2.7 Type VIIRetroreflective sheeting materials previously classified as Type VII have be
30、en reclassified as Type VIII. The useof a designation as Type VII has been discontinued.4.2.8 Type VIIIAretroreflective sheeting typically manufactured as an unmetalized cube corner microprismatic retroreflectiveelement material. Applications for this material include permanent highway signing, cons
31、truction zone devices, and delineators.4.2.9 Type IXA retroreflective sheeting typically manufactured as an unmetalized cube corner microprismatic retroreflectiveelement material. Applications for this material include permanent highway signing, construction zone devices, and delineators.4.2.10 Type
32、 XRetroreflective sheeting materials previously classified as Type X have been reclassified as Type VIII. The useof a designation as Type X has been discontinued.4.2.11 Type XIA retroreflective sheeting typically manufactured as an unmetalized cube corner microprismatic retroreflectiveelement materi
33、al. Applications for this material include permanent highway signing, construction zone devices, and delineators.NOTE 1All retroreflective sheetings, but especially microprismatic sheetings, may have unique performance characteristics outside of the range ofthe standard geometries presented in the t
34、ables that define the types. Certain applications may require the use of a particular product within a particulartype in order to achieve a desired level of retroreflectivity in a given situation. In these cases, information concerning additional performancecharacteristics must be obtained.D4956 16b
35、24.3 Backing ClassesThe backing required for retroreflective sheeting shall be classified as follows:4.3.1 Class 1The adhesive backing shall be pressure-sensitive, require no heat, solvent, or other preparation for adhesion tosmooth, clean surfaces.4.3.2 Class 2The adhesive backing shall have an adh
36、esive that shall be activated by applying heat and pressure to the material.The temperature necessary to form a durable permanent bond shall be a minimum of 150F (66C).4.3.2.1 The Class 2 material shall be repositionable under normal shop conditions and at substrate temperatures up to 100F(38C) and
37、without damage to the material. The Class 2 material may be perforated to facilitate removal of air in heat-vacuumlaminators, but the perforations must be of a size and frequency such that they do not cause objectionable blemishes when thesheeting is printed.4.3.3 Class 3The adhesive backing shall h
38、ave a positionable low-tack pressure-sensitive adhesive that requires no heat,solvent, or other preparation for adhesion to smooth, clean surfaces. It shall be repositionable up to a temperature of 100F (38C)without damage to the material.4.3.4 Class 4The adhesive backing shall have a low-temperatur
39、e pressure-sensitive adhesive that permits sheetingapplications at temperatures down to +20F (7C) without the aid of heat, solvent, or other preparation for adhesion to smooth,dry, clean surfaces.4.3.5 Class 5This shall be a nonadhesive backing made of material commercially used for self-supporting
40、products such astraffic cone collars, temporary roll-up warning signs, and post bands.5. Ordering Information5.1 The purchaser using this specification shall include the following information:5.1.1 ASTM designation (D4956),5.1.2 Classification type (see Section 4),5.1.3 Adhesive class (see 4.3),5.1.
41、4 Daytime color (see 6.3),5.1.5 Length and width of sheets (see 8.1),5.1.6 Length and width of rolls (see 8.2),5.1.7 Supplementary information, if required by the purchaser, including:5.1.7.1 Compliance with the minimum coefficient of retroreflection for 0.1 observation angle is a supplementary requ
42、irementwhich shall apply only when specified. An observation angle of 0.1 may be specified where the long distance performance of asheeting is to be a requirement,5.1.7.2 Fungus-resistance testing requirements (see Supplementary Requirement S1), and5.1.7.3 Reboundable sheeting requirements (see Supp
43、lementary Requirement S2),5.1.8 Indication that the sheeting is intended for work zone use, if applicable, to determine which weathering requirementsapply, and5.1.9 Any additional information.6. Performance Requirements6.1 This is a summary of the minimum performance requirements for each type of re
44、troreflective sheeting.6.1.1 Type IMinimum Coefficient of RetroreflectionTable 1; Outdoor Weathering24 months, see 6.4; DaytimeLuminance FactorTable 2; Other requirements: When sheeting is specified for construction work zone applications, the outdoorweathering shall be 12 months.6.1.2 Type IIMinimu
45、m Coefficient of RetroreflectionTable 3; Outdoor Weathering36 months, see 6.4; DaytimeLuminance FactorTable 2; Other requirements: When sheeting is specified for construction work zone applications, the outdoorweathering shall be 12 months.6.1.3 Type IIIMinimum Coefficient of RetroreflectionTable 4;
46、 Outdoor Weathering36 months, see 6.4; DaytimeLuminance FactorTable 2; Other requirements: When sheeting is specified for construction work zone applications, the outdoorweathering shall be 12 months.6.1.4 Type IVMinimum Coefficient of RetroreflectionTable 5; Outdoor Weathering36 months, see 6.4; Da
47、ytimeLuminance FactorTable 2; Other requirements: When sheeting is specified for construction work zone applications, the outdoorweathering shall be 12 months.TABLE 1 Type I SheetingAObservationAngleEntranceAngle White Yellow Orange Green Red Blue Brown0.2 4 70 50 25 9.0 14 4.0 1.00.2 + 30 30 22 7.0
48、 3.5 6.0 1.7 0.30.5 4 30 25 13 4.5 7.5 2.0 0.30.5 + 30 15 13 4.0 2.2 3.0 0.8 0.2A Minimum Coefficient of Retroreflection (RA) cd/fc/ft2 (cdlx1m2).D4956 16b36.1.5 Type VMinimum Coefficient of RetroreflectionTable 6; Outdoor Weathering36 months, see 6.4; DaytimeLuminance FactorTable 2; Other requireme
49、nts: When sheeting is specified for construction work zone applications, the outdoorweathering shall be 12 months.6.1.6 Type VIMinimum Coefficient of RetroreflectionTable 7; Outdoor Weathering6 months, see 6.4; DaytimeLuminance FactorTable 2.6.1.7 Type VIIRetroreflective sheeting materials previously classified as Type VII have been reclassified as Type VIII.6.1.8 Type VIIIMinimum Coefficient of RetroreflectionTable 8; Outdoor Weathering36 months, see 6.4; DaytimeLuminance FactorTable 2; Other requ
