1、Designation: D4956 16bD4956 17Standard Specification forRetroreflective Sheeting for Traffic Control1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4956; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisi
2、on. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers flexible, non-exp
3、osed glass bead lens and microprismatic, retroreflective sheeting designed for useon traffic control signs, delineators, barricades, and other devices. This specification covers the performance of retroreflectivesheeting materials and does not specifically does not address inks, overlays, or other i
4、maging methods that may be applied toretroreflective sheeting material to create traffic signs or other devices.1.2 Although this specification provides photometric requirements for retroreflective sheeting under evaluation, minimumperformance requirements of in-service signs or other devices are ou
5、tside the scope of this document.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains o
6、nly to the test methods portion, Section 7, of this specification. This standarddoes not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of thisstandard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practi
7、ces and determine the applicability ofregulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Reco
8、mmendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2B209 Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Sheet and PlateB209M Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Sheet and Plate (Metric)B449 Specification fo
9、r Chromates on AluminumD2794 Test Method for Resistance of Organic Coatings to the Effects of Rapid Deformation (Impact)E284 Terminology of AppearanceE308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by Using the CIE SystemE808 Practice for Describing RetroreflectionE810 Test Method for Coefficient
10、of Retroreflection of Retroreflective Sheeting Utilizing the Coplanar GeometryE811 Practice for Measuring Colorimetric Characteristics of Retroreflectors Under Nighttime ConditionsE991 Practice for Color Measurement of Fluorescent Specimens Using the One-Monochromator MethodE1164 Practice for Obtain
11、ing Spectrometric Data for Object-Color EvaluationE1247 Practice for Detecting Fluorescence in Object-Color Specimens by SpectrophotometryE1347 Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Measurement by Tristimulus ColorimetryE1349 Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Usi
12、ng Bidirectional (45:0 or 0:45) GeometryE2152 Practice for Computing the Colors of Fluorescent Objects from Bispectral Photometric DataE2153 Practice for Obtaining Bispectral Photometric Data for Evaluation of Fluorescent Color1 This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D04 on Ro
13、ad and Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.38 on HighwayTraffic Control Materials.Current edition approved July 1, 2016Oct. 1, 2017. Published August 2016October 2017. Originally approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2016 asD4956 16a.D4956 16b. DOI: 10
14、.1520/D4956-16B.10.1520/D4956-17.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM
15、 standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all
16、 cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1E2301 Test Method for Daytime Colorimetric Properties of Fluorescent Retrore
17、flective Sheeting and Marking Materials for HighVisibility Traffic Control and Personal Safety Applications Using 45:Normal GeometryG7 Practice for Atmospheric Environmental Exposure Testing of Nonmetallic MaterialsG113 Terminology Relating to Natural and Artificial Weathering Tests of Nonmetallic M
18、aterialsG147 Practice for Conditioning and Handling of Nonmetallic Materials for Natural and Artificial Weathering TestsG151 Practice for Exposing Nonmetallic Materials in Accelerated Test Devices that Use Laboratory Light SourcesG155 Practice for Operating Xenon Arc Light Apparatus for Exposure of
19、Non-Metallic Materials2.2 Other StandardsISO 4892-2:2006 Plastics Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources - Part 2: Xenon-arc lampsISO 4892-2:2006/Amd.1:2009 Plastics Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources - Part 2: Xenon-arc lampsEN12899-1:2007 Fixed, vertical road traffic signs -
20、Part 1: Fixed signs3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions of terms are as described in Terminology E284, Practice E808, and Terminology G113.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 reboundable sheeting, nretroreflective material intended to be attached to flexible impact resistant
21、 impact-resistantplastic devices, such as traffic drum-like channelizing devices.4. Classification4.1 Retroreflective sheeting shall consist of a white or colored sheeting having a smooth outer surface and that essentially hasthe property of a retroreflector over its entire surface. There are nine t
22、ypes and five classes of retroreflective sheeting. Types aredetermined by conformance to the retroreflectance, color, and durability requirements listed in 6.1 and may be of any constructionproviding that those requirements are met. Type designation is provided as a means for differentiating functio
23、nal performance.Typical examples of applications are provided for descriptive information only and are not intended to be limitations orrecommendations. Common identifiers for each type are listed in 4.2.4.1.1 The typical applications for the retroreflective sheeting addressed in this specification
24、are:Type Typical ApplicationI Highway signing, construction-zone devices, and delineatorsII Highway signing, construction-zone devices, and delineatorsIII Highway signing, construction-zone devices, and delineatorsIV Highway signing, construction-zone devices, and delineatorsV DelineatorsVI Temporar
25、y roll-up signs, warning signs, traffic cone collars, and postbandsVII This type designation has been replaced with Type VIIIVIII Highway signing, construction-zone devices, and delineatorsIX Highway signing, construction-zone devices, and delineatorsX This type designation has been replaced with Ty
26、pe VIIIXI Highway signing, construction-zone devices, and delineators4.2 Retroreflective sheeting shall be classified as follows (the type sequence is not indicative of performance level):4.2.1 Type IAretroreflective sheeting referred to as “engineering grade” that is typically an enclosed lens glas
27、s-bead sheeting.Applications for this material include permanent highway signing, construction zone devices, and delineators.4.2.2 Type IIA retroreflective sheeting referred to as “super engineer grade” that is typically an enclosed lens glass-beadsheeting. Applications for this material include per
28、manent highway signing, construction zone devices, and delineators.4.2.3 Type IIIA retroreflective sheeting referred to as “high-intensity” that is typically manufactured as an encapsulatedglass-bead retroreflective material or as an unmetalized microprismatic retroreflective element material. Appli
29、cations for thismaterial include permanent highway signing, construction zone devices, and delineators.4.2.4 Type IVA retroreflective sheeting referred to as “high-intensity” that is typically an unmetalized microprismaticretroreflective element material.Applications for this material include perman
30、ent highway signing, construction zone devices, anddelineators.4.2.5 Type VA retroreflective sheeting referred to as “super high-intensity” that is typically a metalized microprismaticretroreflective element material. This sheeting is typically used for delineators.4.2.6 Type VIAn elastomeric retror
31、eflective sheeting without adhesive. This sheeting is typically a vinyl microprismaticretroreflective material. Applications include orange temporary roll-up warning signs, traffic cone collars, and post bands.4.2.7 Type VIIRetroreflective sheeting materials previously classified as Type VII have be
32、en reclassified as Type VIII. The useof a designation as Type VII has been discontinued.4.2.8 Type VIIIAretroreflective sheeting typically manufactured as an unmetalized cube corner microprismatic retroreflectiveelement material. Applications for this material include permanent highway signing, cons
33、truction zone devices, and delineators.4.2.9 Type IXA retroreflective sheeting typically manufactured as an unmetalized cube corner microprismatic retroreflectiveelement material. Applications for this material include permanent highway signing, construction zone devices, and delineators.D4956 1724.
34、2.10 Type XRetroreflective sheeting materials previously classified as Type X have been reclassified as Type VIII. The useof a designation as Type X has been discontinued.4.2.11 Type XIA retroreflective sheeting typically manufactured as an unmetalized cube corner microprismatic retroreflectiveeleme
35、nt material. Applications for this material include permanent highway signing, construction zone devices, and delineators.NOTE 1All retroreflective sheetings, but especially microprismatic sheetings, may have unique performance characteristics outside of the range ofthe standard geometries presented
36、 in the tables that define the types. Certain applications may require the use of a particular product within a particulartype in order to achieve a desired level of retroreflectivity in a given situation. In these cases, information concerning additional performancecharacteristics must be obtained.
37、4.3 Backing ClassesThe backing required for retroreflective sheeting shall be classified as follows:4.3.1 Class 1The adhesive backing shall be pressure-sensitive, pressure sensitive, require no heat, solvent, or otherpreparation for adhesion to smooth, clean surfaces.4.3.2 Class 2The adhesive backin
38、g shall have an adhesive that shall be activated by applying heat and pressure to the material.The temperature necessary to form a durable permanent bond shall be a minimum of 150F (66C).150 F (66 C).4.3.2.1 The Class 2 material shall be repositionable under normal shop conditions and at substrate t
39、emperatures up to 100F(38C)100 F (38 C) and without damage to the material. The Class 2 material may be perforated to facilitate removal of air inheat-vacuum laminators, but the perforations must be of a size and frequency such that they do not cause objectionable blemisheswhen the sheeting is print
40、ed.4.3.3 Class 3The adhesive backing shall have a positionable low-tackpositionable, low-tack, pressure-sensitive adhesive thatrequires no heat, solvent, or other preparation for adhesion to smooth, clean surfaces. It shall be repositionable up to a temperatureof 100F (38C)100 F (38 C) without damag
41、e to the material.4.3.4 Class 4The adhesive backing shall have a low-temperaturelow-temperature, pressure-sensitive adhesive that permitssheeting applications at temperatures down to +20F (7C)+20 F (7 C) without the aid of heat, solvent, or other preparationfor adhesion to smooth, dry, clean surface
42、s.4.3.5 Class 5This shall be a nonadhesive backing made of material commercially used for self-supporting products such astraffic cone collars, temporary roll-up warning signs, and post bands.5. Ordering Information5.1 The purchaser using this specification shall include the following information:5.
43、1.1 ASTM designation (D4956),5.1.2 Classification type (see Section 4),5.1.3 Adhesive class (see 4.3),5.1.4 Daytime color (see 6.3),5.1.5 Length and width of sheets (see 8.1),5.1.6 Length and width of rolls (see 8.2),5.1.7 Supplementary information, if required by the purchaser, including:5.1.7.1 Co
44、mpliance with the minimum coefficient of retroreflection for 0.1 observation angle is a supplementary requirementwhich shall apply only when specified. An observation angle of 0.1 may be specified where the long distance performance of asheeting is to be a requirement,5.1.7.2 Fungus-resistance testi
45、ng requirements (see Supplementary Requirement S1), and5.1.7.3 Reboundable sheeting requirements (see Supplementary Requirement S2),5.1.8 Indication that the sheeting is intended for work zone use, if applicable, to determine which weathering requirementsapply, and5.1.9 Any additional information.6.
46、 Performance Requirements6.1 This is a summary of the minimum performance requirements for each type of retroreflective sheeting.6.1.1 Type IMinimum Coefficient of RetroreflectionTable 1; Outdoor Weathering24 months, see 6.4; DaytimeTABLE 1 Type I SheetingAObservationAngleEntranceAngle White Yellow
47、Orange Green Red Blue Brown0.2 4 70 50 25 9.0 14 4.0 1.00.2 + 30 30 22 7.0 3.5 6.0 1.7 0.30.2 +30 30 22 7.0 3.5 6.0 1.7 0.30.5 4 30 25 13 4.5 7.5 2.0 0.30.5 4 30 25 13 4.5 7.5 2.0 0.30.5 + 30 15 13 4.0 2.2 3.0 0.8 0.20.5 +30 15 13 4.0 2.2 3.0 0.8 0.2A Minimum Coefficient of Retroreflection (RA) cd/f
48、c/ft2 (cdlx1m2).D4956 173Luminance FactorTable 2; Other requirements: When sheeting is specified for construction work zone applications, the outdoorweathering shall be 12twelve months.6.1.2 Type IIMinimum Coefficient of RetroreflectionTable 3; Outdoor Weathering36 months, see 6.4; DaytimeLuminance
49、FactorTable 2; Other requirements: When sheeting is specified for construction work zone applications, the outdoorweathering shall be 12twelve months.6.1.3 Type IIIMinimum Coefficient of RetroreflectionTable 4; Outdoor Weathering36 months, see 6.4; DaytimeLuminance FactorTable 2; Other requirements: When sheeting is specified for construction work zone applications, the outdoorweathering shall be 12twelve months.6.1.4 Type IVMinimum Coefficient of RetroreflectionTable 5; Outdoor Weathering36 mont
