1、Designation: D4958 10 (Reapproved 2016)Standard Test Method forComparison of the Brush Drag of Latex Paints1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4958; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、 revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method is a standardized brushout procedurefor comparing the brush drag of architectural type solvent-borne pain
3、ts.1.2 With slight modifications this test method is also appli-cable to solvent-borne paints.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any,
4、associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1475 Test Method For Density of Liquid Coatings, Ink
5、s,and Related ProductsD3924 Specification for Environment for Conditioning andTesting Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and Related MaterialsD3925 Practice for Sampling Liquid Paints and RelatedPigmented CoatingsD4287 Test Method for High-Shear Viscosity Using a Cone/Plate ViscometerD5068 Practice for Prepar
6、ation of Paint Brushes for Evalu-ation3. Terminology3.1 Definitions: See Paint/Coatings Dictionary3for defini-tion of terms used in this test method.3.1.1 brush-dragresistance encountered when applying acoating by brush.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A50-mm (2-in.) polyester brush is used to apply the
7、 testpaint on a 1000-cm2(1.076-ft2) test area. The application ismade at a spreading rate of 9.82 m2/L (400 ft2/gal) and iscompleted in 30 to 35 s. The degree of brush drag is ratedsubjectively using a series of standard descriptive termscorresponding to numerical values of 1 to 10. The rank order o
8、fa set of samples is thereby established.5. Significance and Use5.1 As the brush drag of a paint increases, any naturaltendency on the part of the painter to overspread the paint isreduced. When all other factors are held constant, increasedbrush drag will result in greater film thickness with conse
9、quentimprovement in durability and hiding. Conversely, sometimesit might be preferred to have a lesser degree of brush drag foreasier application (that is, the amount of time and effort inapplying a paint to a specific area is reduced with a lesserdegree of brush drag).5.2 This test method provides
10、a standardized brushoutprocedure for the evaluation of brush drag as an alternative tocustomary informal ad hoc procedures. Its objective is tomaximize the reliability and precision with which this charac-teristic may be determined.NOTE 1The brush drag of paints is directly related to their high-she
11、arviscosity. There is generally good rank order agreement between resultsobtained by this method and Test Method D4287. The sensitivity of thisbrushout method has been found sufficient to distinguish between brush-abilities corresponding to high-shear viscosity differences not lower than0.3 poise (0
12、.03 Pa.s). Round robin data show that rank order agreementbetween the brushout and viscometric methods is poor when latex andsolvent-borne paints are part of the same comparison group. This is theresult of these two paint types having markedly different rheologicalproperties that affect the relative
13、 perception of brush drag.46. Apparatus6.1 Brush, 50-mm (2-in.) polyester filament, 70-mm (234-in.) length-out, 14 mm (916 in.) thick, with a chiseled tip.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paintand Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct res
14、ponsibility ofSubcommittee D01.42 on Architectural Coatings.Current edition approved April 1, 2016. Published April 2016. Originallyapproved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D4958 10. DOI:10.1520/D4958-10R16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orco
15、ntact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology (FSCT), 492Norristown Rd., Blue Bell, PA 194222350, http:/www.coatingst
16、ech.org.4Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D01-1072. ContactASTM CustomerService at serviceastm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1N
17、OTE 2All tests of a given series of paints, within or betweenlaboratories, should be carried out with commercially identical brushes.6.2 Stopwatch.6.3 Balance, capable of weighing accurately to 0.1 g.6.4 Test charts, with a sealed surface, having 1000 cm2(1.076 ft2) of test area.57. Sampling and Con
18、ditioning7.1 Sample in accordance with Practice D3925.7.2 Condition the samples in accordance with the Condi-tioning and Testing section of Specification D3924.7.3 All testing should be performed under the same condi-tions.8. Procedure8.1 Do not change operators during the running of a seriesof spec
19、imens, since this will invalidate any conclusions as torank order.8.2 Determine the density in kilograms per litre (pounds pergallon) of the paint sample in accordance with Test MethodD1475.8.3 Multiply the density by 10.2 to obtain the weight ofpaint in grams to apply on the specified test chart to
20、 obtain aspreading rate of 9.82 m2/L (multiply density in pounds pergallon by 1.22 to obtain a spreading rate of 400 ft2/gal).8.4 Load the brush with the specified paint and condition thebrush for testing in accordance with Practice D5068.8.5 Place the test chart on the balance and weigh the correct
21、amount of paint as calculated in 8.3 directly onto the center ofthe card.8.6 Immediately tape the card onto a hard, flat surface, startthe stopwatch, and proceed to spread the paint using thepreviously conditioned 50-mm (2-in.) brush. Using long,steady brush strokes, alternately parallel and perpend
22、icular tothe edge of the chart, cover the test area uniformly andcompletely in 30 to 35 s.8.7 Immediately assign and record a brush drag ratingaccording to the following series of qualitative descriptiveterms, first characterizing it by a verbal description, and thenby the corresponding number.1Very
23、 slight2Slight3Slight to moderate4Moderate5Moderate to considerable6Considerable7Considerable to pronounced8Pronounced9Very pronounced10Extreme8.8 Thoroughly clean the brush with warm water and spin itto remove excess water between tests.8.9 Repeat 8.2 8.8, using a fresh sample for each specimenin t
24、he set and rate the specimen as the mean of the two results.8.10 If more than one sample has the same rating, brush outthe similarly rated specimens again, in close comparison. Ifsmall differences are perceived, then indicate these by assign-ing intermediate decimal values. If no difference is found
25、 thenthe original ratings stand.9. Interpretation of Results9.1 Tabulate the paints in order of their brush drag ratings,showing verbal descriptions and numerical ratings in separatecolumns.9.2 In a fourth rank order column, rank the paints from 1 ton (least to most brush drag), where n is the total
26、 number ofpaints in the series.9.3 Paints with the same qualitative ratings should beassigned multiple rank numbers, with the mean of thosenumbers shown in parentheses, for example, 3 to 4 (3.5), 5 to7 (6). The mean ranking (in parentheses) is used to calculate agrand mean ranking when the same seri
27、es of paints is rankedby more than one operator.10. Report10.1 Report the brush drag ranking as determined in Section9.11. Precision and Bias11.1 PrecisionIn an interlaboratory study of this testmethod in which five coatings varying widely in brush dragwere ranked by one operator in each of nine lab
28、oratories, twooperators in one laboratory, and three operators in anotherlaboratory, the coefficient of concordance (agreement in rank-ing) was found to be 0.84, reflecting the fact that seven of thefourteen operators agreed perfectly and four others reversedone of two adjacent pairs. The coefficien
29、t is statisticallysignificant at the 99.9 % confidence level.11.2 BiasBias can not be determined for this test methodbecause there is no standard reference material.12. Keywords12.1 brushability; brush drag; drag; ease of brushing; highshear viscosity5Leneta Form 8H-BW, obtainable from The Leneta Co
30、., P.O. Box 86, Ho-Ho-Kus, NJ 07423, has been found satisfactory for this purpose.D4958 10 (2016)2ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determ
31、ination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or w
32、ithdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that
33、your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (s
34、ingle or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 10 (2016)3
