1、Designation: D 4966 98 (Reapproved 2007)e1Standard Test Method forAbrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Martindale AbrasionTester Method)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4966; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the c
2、ase of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTEEditorial changes were made in August 2007.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determinati
3、on of the abra-sion resistance of textile fabrics using the Martindale abrasiontester. Fabrics of all types may be tested by this method butdifficulties may arise with fabrics with a pile depth greater than0.08 in. (2 mm).1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard; the v
4、alues in SI units are provided as informationonly.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of r
5、egulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1For other current test methods of testing the abrasion resis-tance of textiles refer to Test Methods D 3884, D 3885, D 3886, D 4157,D 4158, and AATCC Test Method 93.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 1776 Practi
6、ce for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD 3884 Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics(Rotary Platform, Double-Head Method)D 3885 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of TextileFabrics (Flexing and Abrasion Method)D 3886 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of TextileFabrics (Inflated Diaphra
7、gm Apparatus)D 4157 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of TextileFabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder Method)D 4158 Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics(Uniform Abrasion)2.2 AATCC Methods and Procedures:Evaluation Procedure 1 Gray Scale for Color Change3Test Method 93 Abrasion Resistance of Fa
8、brics:AcceleratorMethod33. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of other textile terms usedin this test method, refer to Terminology D 123.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 abrasion, nthe wearing away of any part of amaterial by rubbing against another surface.3.2.2 abras
9、ion cycle, ntotal number of movements re-quired to complete a geometric shape in a Martindale abrasiontester.3.2.3 cycle, n16 movements required for the completionof one Lissajous figure on a Martindale tester.3.2.4 lissajous figure, na geometric figure that starts as astraight line, then becomes a
10、widening ellipse and narrows toagain become a straight line. There are 16 movements in oneLissajous figure.3.2.5 movement, none rotation of the two outer gearing ofthe Martindale tester.3.2.6 standard atmosphere for preconditioning textiles,nan atmosphere having a relative humidity of 10 to 25 % and
11、a temperature not over 122F (50C).3.2.7 standard atmosphere for testing, in textiles, nanatmosphere for testing in which the air is maintained at arelative humidity of 65 6 2 % and at a temperature of 70 62F (21 6 1C).4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Abrasion resistance is measured by subjecting the spe
12、ci-men to rubbing motion in the form of a geometric figure, thatis, a straight line, which becomes a gradually widening ellipse,until it forms another straight line in the opposite direction andtraces the same figure again under known conditions ofpressure and abrasive action. Resistance to abrasion
13、 is evalu-ated by various means which are described in Section 11.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods,Specific.Current edition approved July 1, 2007. Published August 2007. Origina
14、llyapproved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D 4966 98(2004).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page o
15、nthe ASTM website.3Available from the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists,P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5. Significance and Use5.1 Acceptance Testi
16、ngthis test method is not consideredsatisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments offabric. The between-laboratory precision of this test method ispoor and, because of the nature of abrasion testing itself,technicians frequently fail to obtain results in agreement on thesame type of te
17、sting instrument, both within and betweenlaboratories.Although this test method is not recommended foracceptance testing, it is useful because it is used widely,especially outside the United States.5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences inreported test results when using this test metho
18、d for acceptancetesting of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the sup-plier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there isa statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statis-tical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias.As a minimum, the two parties should
19、 take a group of testspecimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that arefrom a lot of material of the type in question. The testspecimens then should be assigned randomly in equal numbersto each laboratory for testing. The average results from the twolaboratories should be compared using Stud
20、ents t-test forunpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by thetwo parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, eitherits cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and thesupplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of theknown bias.5.2 The resist
21、ance to abrasion also is affected greatly by theconditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant; variableaction of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, thetension on the specimen, the pressure between the specimenand abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimen.5.3 Abrasi
22、on tests are all subject to variation due to changesin the abradant during specific tests. The abradant must bechanged accordingly at frequent intervals or checked periodi-cally against a standard. With disposable abradants, theabradant is used only once or changed after limited use. Withpermanent a
23、bradants that use hardened metal or equivalentsurfaces, it is assumed that the abradant will not changeappreciably in a specific series of tests, but obviously similarabradants used in different laboratories will not likely change atthe same rate due to differences in usage. Permanent abradantsalso
24、may change due to pick up of finishing or other materialfrom test fabrics and must accordingly be cleaned at frequentintervals. The measurement of the relative amount of abrasionalso may be affected by the method of evaluation and may beinfluenced by the judgment of the operator.5.4 The resistance o
25、f textile materials to abrasion as mea-sured on a testing machine in the laboratory is generally onlyone of several factors contributing to wear performance ordurability as experienced in the actual use of the material.While “abrasion resistance” (often stated in terms of thenumber of cycles on a sp
26、ecified machine, using a specifiedtechnique to produce a specified degree or amount of abrasion)and “durability” (defined as the ability to withstand deteriora-tion or wearing out in use, including the effects of abrasion)frequently are related, the relationship varies with different enduses, and di
27、fferent factors may be necessary in any calculationof predicted durability from specific abrasion data.5.4.1 Laboratory tests may be reliable as an indication ofrelative end-use performance in cases where the difference inabrasion resistance of various materials is large, but theyshould not be relie
28、d upon where differences in laboratory testfindings are small. In general, they should not be relied uponfor prediction of actual wear-life in specific-end uses unlessthere are data showing the specific relationship betweenlaboratory abrasion tests and actual wear in the intendedend-use.5.5 These ge
29、neral observations apply to all types of fabrics,including woven, nonwoven, and knit apparel fabrics, house-hold fabrics, industrial fabrics, and floor coverings. It is notsurprising, therefore, to find that there are many different typesof abrasion testing machines, abradants, testing conditions,te
30、sting procedures, methods of evaluation of abrasion resis-tance, and interpretation of results.5.6 All the test methods and instruments so far developedfor abrasion resistance may show a high degree of variability inresults obtained by different operators and in different labora-tories; however, the
31、y represent the methods now most widelyin use.5.7 Since there is a definite need for measuring the relativeresistance to abrasion, standardized test methods are desirableand useful and may clarify the problem and lessen theconfusion.6. Apparatus and Materials6.1 Martindale Abrasion Tester,4(Fig. 1)
32、with the followingreplaceable items:6.1.1 Standard Abradant Fabric, a plain weave, crossbred,worsted wool fabric described in the finished state as in Table1.6.1.2 Standard Felt, of mass 22 6 1.5 oz/yd2(750 6 50g/m2) and 0.12 6 0.01 in. (3 6 0.3 mm) thick.4Apparatus and accessories are commercially
33、available.FIG. 1 Martindale Abrasion TesterD 4966 98 (2007)e126.1.3 Polyurethane Foam Backing, 0.12 6 0.04 in. (3 60.01 mm) thick, 1.94 lbf/ft3(29 to 31 kg/m3) density, and 38.23to 47.22 lbf (170 to 210 N) hardness.6.1.4 Fabric Punches or Press Cutters,41.5 in. (38 mm) and5.5 in. (140 mm) in diamete
34、r.6.1.5 AATCC Gray Scale for Color Change.37. Sampling7.1 Lot SampleAs a lot sample for acceptance testing,take at random the number of rolls of fabric directed in anapplicable material specification or other agreement betweenthe purchaser and the supplier. Consider rolls of fabric to be theprimary
35、sampling unit.NOTE 2An adequate specification or other agreement between thepurchaser and the supplier requires taking into account the variabilitybetween rolls, bolts, or pieces of fabric and among specimens from aswatch from a roll of fabric from a roll, bolt, or piece, or among cartonsof garments
36、 and among garments within a carton, to provide a samplingplan with a meaningful producers risk, consumers risk, acceptablequality level, and limiting quality level.7.2 Laboratory SampleFor acceptance testing of gar-ments, take one garment from each carton (see Note 2).7.3 Test SpecimensCut three ci
37、rcular specimens fromeach swatch in the laboratory sample with each specimen being1.5 in. (38 mm) in diameter.8. Preparation of Apparatus8.1 For the assembly, maintenance, and verification of theapparatus, refer to the manufacturers instructions.8.2 See the testing notes given in A1.1.9. Conditionin
38、g9.1 Precondition and condition specimens as directed inPractice D 1776 by bringing them to approximate moistureequilibrium for testing in the standard atmosphere for testing.Equilibrium is considered to have been reached when theincrease in mass of the specimen in successive weighings madeat interv
39、als of not less than 2 h does not exceed 0.1 % of themass of the specimen.9.2 Place the conditioned specimens in the standard atmo-sphere for testing textiles, which is 70 6 2F (21 6 1C) and65 6 2 % relative humidity for at least 4 h before testing.10. Procedure10.1 Make all tests in the standard at
40、mosphere for testing.10.2 On each testing table place a piece of felt, approxi-mately 5.5 in. (140 mm), followed by a piece of the standardfabric of the same size. Place the mounting weight (suppliedwith the machine) on the table to flatten the fabric/felt pieces.Secure the fabric/felt to the table
41、with the mounting weight inplace then remove the weight and inspect for tucks or ridges. Ifnecessary, repeat the mounting process.10.3 Option 3 (see 11.3) is to be used to interpret the results,weigh a specimen to the nearest milligram.10.4 Assemble the holder by placing the specimen facedown into t
42、he specimen holder. For fabric having a mass/unitarea less than 14.7 yd2(500 g/m2) place a 114-in. (38-mm) diskof polyurethane foam between the specimen and the metalinsert. Assemble the holder according to manufacturers in-structions.10.5 Place the assembled holder on the machine above thetable wit
43、h the fabric/felt pieces and add the required weight togive a pressure on each specimen of 1.31 6 0.03 psi (9 6 0.2kPa) for apparel fabrics and 1.74 6 0.04 psi (12 6 0.3 kPa) forupholstery fabrics.10.6 Using the manufacturers directions, set the countersystem to record the desired movements and star
44、t the abrasionmachine. If Options 1 or 2 (see 10.1 and 10.2) are to be used,examine the specimen to assess the progress toward theendpoint. As the endpoint is approached, reduce the number ofmovements between examinations. Cut off with sharp scissorsany pills that form. If Option 3 (see 11.3) is to
45、be used tointerpret the results, the specimen must be weighed to thenearest milligram after the required movements.11. Evaluation11.1 Option 1The end point is reached on a woven fabricwhen two or more yarns have broken, or on a knitted fabricwhen a hole appears.11.2 Option 2The end point is reached
46、when there is achange in shade or appearance that is sufficient to cause acustomer to complain.11.2.1 Changes of shade can arise from a variety of causes,for example, loss of raised finish from a fabric or of boucleloops or effects from fancy yarns. Where different types offibers are dyed differentl
47、y in an intimate blend, differential lossof yarn or fiber can cause pronounced changes in shade orappearance. In this case the end point is assessed against theAATCC gray scale for color change.11.2.2 The end point is reached when the shade change isassessed as the AATCC gray scale rating of 3 or lo
48、wer.11.3 Option 3Determine the mass loss as the differencebetween the masses before and after abrasion. This loss may beexpressed as a percentage of the before abrasion mass.12. Report12.1 State that the specimens were tested as directed in TestMethod D 4966. Describe the material or product sampled
49、 andthe method of sampling used.12.2 Depending on the test option used, report the followinginformation:12.2.1 Type of abradant and the mass of the weights used.12.2.2 For Option 1, the average number of movementsrequired to rupture two or more yarns in a woven fabric ordevelop a hole on a knitted fabric.12.2.3 For Option 2, the effect of abrasion on luster, color,napping, pilling, etc. at a given number of movements,recorded by qualitative or comparative ranking.TABLE 1 Specifications for Standard Wool Abrasion FabricWarp WeftYarn linear density R63, Te
