1、Designation: D4970/D4970M 161Standard Test Method forPilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes ofTextile Fabrics: Martindale Tester1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4970/D4970M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or,
2、 in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEIn 10.1, the standard atmosphere for testing textiles shown in brackets was corrected f
3、rom 70 6 20F to70 6 2F in April 2017.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resis-tance to the formation of pills and other related surface changeson textile fabrics using the Martindale tester. The proceduregenerally is applicable to all types of fabrics, being particularlysui
4、table for woven fabrics.NOTE 1For other methods, if testing the pilling resistance of textiles,refer to Test Methods D3511/D3511M, D3512/D3512M, and D3514.1.2 This test method is not suitable for fabrics thicker than3 mm 0.125 in. because such fabrics cannot be mounted inthe specimen holder.1.3 The
5、fabric may be laundered or dry cleaned beforetesting.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues fr
6、om the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the app
7、lica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued b
8、y the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD3511/D3511M Test Method for Pilling Resistance andOther Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: BrushPilling TesterD3512/D3512M Test Method f
9、or Pilling Resistance andOther Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Ran-dom Tumble Pilling TesterD3514 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other RelatedSurface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Elastomeric PadD4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric TestMethodsD7018 Terminology Relating
10、to Glass Fiber and Its Products2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:3ADJD3512 Set of 5 Photographic Standards for RandomTumble Pilling Test3. Terminology3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.59, Fabric TestMethods, General, refer to Terminologies D4850 and D7018.3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standar
11、d:cycle, fuzz, movement, pilling resistance, pills.3.2 For all other terms related to textiles, refer to Terminol-ogy D123.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Pilling and other changes in the surface appearance,such as fuzzing, that occur in normal wear are simulated on alaboratory testing machine. Fabrics
12、 are mounted on the Mar-tindale Tester, and the face of the test specimen is rubbedagainst the face of the same mounted fabric in the form of ageometric figure, that is, a straight line, which becomes a1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct res
13、ponsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods,Specific.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2016. Published February 2016. Originallyapproved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D4970 101. DOI:10.1520/D4970-16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.or
14、g, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.ADJD3512.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive,
15、PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
16、 by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1gradually widening ellipse, until it forms another straight linein the opposite direction and traces the same figure again underlight pressure for a specific number of movements. The degreeof fabric pilling or surface appe
17、arance change produced by thisaction is evaluated by comparison of the tested specimen withvisual standards that may be actual fabrics, or photographs offabrics, showing a range of pilling resistance. The observedresistance to pilling is reported using an arbitrary rating scale.5. Significance and U
18、se5.1 Acceptance TestingThis method of testing fabricsresistance to pilling is not recommended for acceptance testing.If it is used for acceptance testing, it should be used withcaution because interlaboratory data are not available. In somecases the purchaser or supplier may have to test a commerci
19、alshipment of one or more specific materials by the best availablemethod even though the method has not been recommended foracceptance testing. Although this test method is not recom-mended for acceptance testing, it is useful because it is usedwidely outside the United States.5.2 If there is a disa
20、greement arising from differences invalues reported by the purchaser and the supplier when usingthis test method, the statistical bias, if any, between thelaboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the suppliershould be determined with comparison being based on testingspecimens randomly drawn
21、 from one sample of material of thetype being evaluated. Competent statistical assistance is rec-ommended for the investigation of bias. A minimum of twoparties should take a group of test specimens, which are ashomogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of materialof the type in question. The
22、 test specimens then should beassigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory fortesting. The average test results from the two laboratoriesshould be compared using an acceptable statistical protocol andprobability level chosen by the two parties before the testing isstarted. Appropriate stati
23、stical disciplines for comparing datamust be used when the purchaser and supplier cannot agree. Ifa bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, orthe purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret futureresults with consideration for the known bias.5.3 The pilling of textile fab
24、rics is a very complex propertybecause it is affected by many factors that include type of fiberor blends, fiber dimensions, yarn and fabric construction, andfabric finishing treatments. The pilling resistance of a specificfabric in actual wear varies more with general conditions of useand individua
25、l wearers than in replicate fabric specimenssubjected to controlled laboratory tests. This experience shouldbe borne in mind when adopting levels of acceptability for aseries of standards.5.4 Finishes and fabric surface changes may exert a largeeffect on pilling. It is recommended that fabrics be te
26、sted afterlaundering or drycleaning, or both. Testing before refurbishingalso may be advisable. Prior agreement between interestedparties should determine the state of the test.5.5 Pills vary appreciably in size and appearance anddepend on the presence of lint and degree of color contrast.These fact
27、ors are not evaluated when pilling is rated solely onthe number of pills. The development of pills may be accom-panied by other surface phenomena, such as loss of cover,color change, or the development of fuzz. Since the overallacceptability of a specific fabric is dependent on both thecharacteristi
28、cs of the pills and the other factors affecting thesurface appearance, it is suggested that fabrics tested in thelaboratory be evaluated subjectively with regard to theiracceptability and not rated solely on the number of pillsdeveloped.Aseries of standards, based on graduated degrees ofsurface chan
29、ge of the fabric type being tested, may be set up toprovide a basis for subjective ratings. The visual standards aremost advantageous when the laboratory test specimens corre-late closely in appearance with worn fabrics and show a similarratio of pills to fuzz. Counting the pills and weighing theirn
30、umber with respect to their size and contrast, as a combinedmeasure of pilling resistance, is not recommended because ofthe excessive time required for counting, sizing, and calcula-tion.FIG. 1 Martindale Abrasion TesterFIG. 2 Apparatus for Fabric EvaluationD4970/D4970M 16125.6 The degree of fabric
31、pilling is evaluated by comparingthe tested specimens with visual standards, which may beactual fabrics or photographs of fabrics, showing a range ofpilling resistance. The observed resistance to pilling is reportedon an arbitrary scale ranging from 5 to 1 (no pilling to verysevere pilling).5.7 This
32、 test method is applicable to a wide variety ofwoven and knitted fabrics that vary in pilling propensity as aresult of variations in fiber, yarn and fabric structure, andfinish. The applicability of this test method to nonwovenfabrics has not been determined.6. Apparatus and Materials6.1 Martindale
33、Tester (see Fig. 1). Using a lissajous figureof 60 mm as described in Terminology D4850 and having a38 mm sample holder.NOTE 2Apparatus and accessories are available commercially.6.2 Standard Felt, of mass 750 6 50 g/m222 6 1.5 oz/yd2and 3 6 0.3 mm 0.12 6 0.01 in. thick.6.3 Polyurethane Foam Backing
34、0.12 6 0.04 in. 3 60.01 mm thick, 1.94 lbf/ft329 to 31 kg/m3 density, and 38.23to 47.22 lbf 170 to 210 N hardness.NOTE 3Apparatus and accessories are available commercially.6.4 Apparatus for Fabric EvaluationFacilities for illumi-nation (cool white fluorescent tube) and simultaneous viewingtest spec
35、imens and fabric or photographic rating standards.Apparatus and options for visual evaluation are listed in Table1.6.5 Standard In-House Pilling Test Fabric, having an estab-lished pilling resistance rating for checking machine perfor-mance. No universal standard fabric is available. Each testfacili
36、ty must decide on an appropriate fabric.6.6 Rating Standards:6.6.1 Fabric, a series of tested specimens of a specific fabrictype, which show degrees of pilling or other distortion, or both,for the fabric to be tested. Store the fabric rating standards andhandle them under conditions that will preser
37、ve their originalform and appearance. Mounting with thick cardboard framingaround the specimens is recommended.6.6.2 PhotographicA set of five photographs 105 mm0.125 in., numbered 1 to 5, illustrating varying degrees ofpilling from “very severe pilling” to “no pilling.”36.6.3 Digital imaging or rat
38、ing system, or both.6.7 Fabric Punches or Press Cutters, 38 mm 1.5 in. and140 mm 5.5 in. in diameter.6.8 Facilities for Laundering Samples, if needed.6.9 Facilities for Drycleaning Samples, if needed.7. Sampling7.1 Primary Sampling UnitConsider rolls of fabric orfabric components of fabricated syste
39、ms to be the primarysampling unit, as applicable.7.2 Laboratory Sampling UnitFrom each primary sam-pling unit take one full-width piece of fabric that is 1 m 1 ydin length along the selvage (machine direction), after firstremoving a 1 m 1 yd length. For fabric components offabricated systems use the
40、 entire system,8. Test Specimens: Selection, Number, and Preparation8.1 Unless otherwise specified, samples should be washedor drycleaned before cutting the test specimens. Conditionsappropriate for the fabric end-use or conditions agreed upon byinterested parties should be used.8.2 Cut a pair of ci
41、rcular specimens from each swatch in thelaboratory sample with one of each pair of specimens being 38mm 1.5 in. in diameter and the other 140 mm 5.5 in. indiameter.8.3 Take the specimens evenly-spaced across the width ofthe laboratory sample or from two different panels in agarment. Specimens should
42、 be staggered in such a manner thatno specimens contain the same yarns. Avoid areas withwrinkles and other distortions. Unless otherwise specified, donot cut specimens nearer the selvage less than110 of the widthof the fabric.9. Preparation of Apparatus9.1 Maintenance CheckFollow instruction manual
43、forproper maintenance of apparatus.10. Conditioning10.1 Condition specimens in the standard atmosphere fortesting textiles, which is 21 6 1C 70 6 2F and 65 % RH62 % relative humidity for at least 4 h prior to testing.11. Procedure11.1 Make all tests in the standard atmosphere for testingtextiles.11.
44、2 Mount one 140-mm 5.5-in. diameter of standard feltand one fabric specimen on each table (see Fig. 1). Place one38-mm 1.5-in. diameter disk of 3-mm polyurethane foam anda specimen of the same fabric in each of the holders, makingsure the face of the fabric is exposed for both specimens.11.3 Place t
45、he specimen holders on the same table as theother fabric specimen and insert a spindle into each specimenholder to give a pressure on the larger specimen of approxi-mately 3 kPa 0.44 psi. This pressure is the same as any othersetup but without additional weights.11.4 Start the machine and allow it t
46、o run for 100 move-ments. Run additional movements in increments of 100 up toTABLE 1 Viewing Apparatus and OptionsApparatus Specimen PreparationASTM Lightbox (Fig. 2)A0.78 rad 45LightboxB0.78 rad 45LightboxBflatLightboxBcritical angleAs determined by the buyer and supplierAThe source of supply of th
47、e apparatus known to the committee at this time isStandard Scientific Supply Co., 601 West Market Street, Bethlehem, PA180185208. If you are aware of alternate suppliers, please provide this informa-tion to ASTM Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at ameeting of the respon
48、sible technical committee, which you may attend.BAvailable commercially.D4970/D4970M 16131000 movements as directed in a material specification orcontract. Rate the specimen at each specified interval asdirected in Section 12 and record the final rating.12. Evaluation12.1 Place the 38-mm 1.5-in. dis
49、k specimen squarely onthe double-faced tape in the viewing cabinet (see Fig. 2).12.1.1 Using the viewing apparatus and option selectedfrom Table 1 and either suitable fabric or photographicstandards, subjectively rate the face of each specimen incomparison to the original specimen, using the following scale:For pilling:5no pilling4slight pilling3moderate pilling2severe pilling1very severe pillingFor fuzzing:5no fuzzing4slight fuzzing3moderate fuzzing2severe fuzzing1very severe fuzzing12.1.1.1 When the ap
