1、Designation: D 4970 07Standard Test Method forPilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes ofTextile Fabrics: Martindale Tester1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4970; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case
2、of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resis-tance to the formation of pills and o
3、ther related surface changeson textile fabrics using the Martindale tester. The proceduregenerally is applicable to all types of fabrics, being particularlysuitable for woven fabrics.NOTE 1For other methods, if testing the pilling resistance of textiles,refer to Test Methods D 3511, D 3512, and D 35
4、14.1.2 This test method is not suitable for fabrics thicker than3 mm (0.125 in.) because such fabrics cannot be mounted inthe specimen holder.1.3 The fabric may be laundered or dry cleaned beforetesting.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parenthe
5、ses are provided forinformation only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory lim
6、itations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 2514 Discontinued 1977; Tolerances for Fabrics Wovenfrom All-Cotton or from Cotton Man-Made Fiber Blends3D 3511 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Re-lated Surface Changes of Textile Fa
7、brics: Brush PillingTesterD 3512 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Re-lated Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Random TumblePilling TesterD 4850 Terminology Relating to FabricD 7018 Terminology Relating to Glass Fiber and Its Prod-ucts3. Terminology3.1 For all terminology relating to D13
8、.59, Fabric TestMethods, General, refer to Terminologies D 4850 and D 7018.3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:cycle, fuzz, movement, pilling resistance, pills.3.2 For all other terms related to textiles, refer to Terminol-ogy D 123.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Pilling and other
9、changes in the surface appearance,such as fuzzing, that occur in normal wear are simulated on alaboratory testing machine. Fabrics are mounted on the Mar-tindale Tester, and the face of the test specimen is rubbedagainst the face of the same mounted fabric in the form of ageometric figure, that is,
10、a straight line, which becomes agradually widening ellipse, until it forms another straight linein the opposite direction and traces the same figure again underlight pressure for a specific number of movements. The degreeof fabric pilling or surface appearance change produced by thisaction is evalua
11、ted by comparison of the tested specimen withvisual standards that may be actual fabrics, or photographs offabrics, showing a range of pilling resistance. The observedresistance to pilling is reported using an arbitrary rating scale.5. Significance and Use5.1 Acceptance TestingThis method of testing
12、 fabricsresistance to pilling is not recommended for acceptance testing.If it is used for acceptance testing, it should be used withcaution because interlaboratory data are not available. In somecases the purchaser or supplier may have to test a commercialshipment of one or more specific materials b
13、y the best availablemethod even though the method has not been recommended foracceptance testing. Although this test method is not recom-mended for acceptance testing, it is useful because it is usedwidely outside the United States.5.2 If there is a disagreement arising from differences invalues rep
14、orted by the purchaser and the supplier when usingthis test method, the statistical bias, if any, between thelaboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the supplier1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13
15、.60 on Fabric Test Methods,Specific.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2007. Published January 2008. Originallyapproved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D 4970 07.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.
16、 For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Copyright by ASTM Intl (all rights reserved); Thu Jan 15
17、 02:52:09 EST 2009Downloaded/printed byGuo Dehua (CNIS) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.should be determined with comparison being based on testingspecimens randomly drawn from one sample of material of thetype being evaluated. Competent statistical assistance is r
18、ec-ommended for the investigation of bias. A minimum of twoparties should take a group of test specimens, which are ashomogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of materialof the type in question. The test specimens then should beassigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory fortesting
19、. The average test results from the two laboratoriesshould be compared using an acceptable statistical protocol andprobability level chosen by the two parties before the testing isstarted. Appropriate statistical disciplines for comparing datamust be used when the purchaser and supplier cannot agree
20、. Ifa bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, orthe purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret futureresults with consideration for the known bias.5.3 The pilling of textile fabrics is a very complex propertybecause it is affected by many factors that include: type of fi
21、beror blends, fiber dimensions, yarn and fabric construction, andfabric finishing treatments. The pilling resistance of a specificfabric in actual wear varies more with general conditions of useand individual wearers than in replicate fabric specimenssubjected to controlled laboratory tests. This ex
22、perience shouldbe borne in mind when adopting levels of acceptability for aseries of standards.5.4 Finishes and fabric surface changes may exert a largeeffect on pilling. It is recommended that fabrics be tested afterlaundering or drycleaning, or both. Testing before refurbishingalso may be advisabl
23、e. Prior agreement between interestedparties should determine the state of the test.5.5 Pills vary appreciably in size and appearance anddepend on the presence of lint and degree of color contrast.These factors are not evaluated when pilling is rated solely onthe number of pills. The development of
24、pills may be accom-panied by other surface phenomena, such as loss of cover,color change, or the development of fuzz. Since the overallacceptability of a specific fabric is dependent on both thecharacteristics of the pills and the other factors affecting thesurface appearance, it is suggested that f
25、abrics tested in thelaboratory be evaluated subjectively with regard to theiracceptability and not rated solely on the number of pillsdeveloped.Aseries of standards, based on graduated degrees ofsurface change of the fabric type being tested, may be set up toprovide a basis for subjective ratings. T
26、he visual standards aremost advantageous when the laboratory test specimens corre-late closely in appearance with worn fabrics and show a similarratio of pills to fuzz. Counting the pills and weighing theirnumber with respect to their size and contrast, as a combinedmeasure of pilling resistance, is
27、 not recommended because ofthe excessive time required for counting, sizing, and calcula-tion.5.6 The degree of fabric pilling is evaluated by comparingthe tested specimens with visual standards, which may beactual fabrics or photographs of fabrics, showing a range ofpilling resistance. The observed
28、 resistance to pilling is reportedon an arbitrary scale ranging from 5 to 1 (no pilling to verysevere pilling).5.7 This test method is applicable to a wide variety ofwoven and knitted fabrics that vary in pilling propensity as aresult of variations in fiber, yarn and fabric structure, andfinish. The
29、 applicability of this test method to nonwovenfabrics has not been determined.6. Apparatus and Materials6.1 Martindale Tester4(see Fig. 1).6.2 Standard Felt, of mass 750 6 50 g/m2(22 6 1.5 oz/yd2)and 3 6 0.3 mm (0.12 6 0.01 in.) thick.6.3 Polyurethane Foam Backing4 , 0.12 6 0.04 in. (3 60.01 mm) thi
30、ck, 1.94 lbf/ft3(29 to 31 kg/m3) density, and38.23 to 47.22 lbf (170 to 210 N) hardness.6.4 Apparatus for Fabric Evaluation Facilities for illumi-nation (cool white fluorescent tube) and simultaneous viewingtest specimens and fabric or photographic rating standards.Apparatus and options for visual e
31、valuation are listed in Table1.4Apparatus and accessories are available commercially.FIG. 2 Apparatus for Fabric EvaluationFIG. 1 Martindale Abrasion TesterD4970072Copyright by ASTM Intl (all rights reserved); Thu Jan 15 02:52:09 EST 2009Downloaded/printed byGuo Dehua (CNIS) pursuant to License Agre
32、ement. No further reproductions authorized.6.5 Standard In-House Pilling Test Fabric, having an estab-lished pilling resistance rating for checking machine perfor-mance. No universal standard fabric is available. Each testfacility must decide on an appropriate fabric.6.6 Rating Standards:6.6.1 Fabri
33、c, a series of tested specimens of a specific fabrictype, which show degrees of pilling or other distortion, or both,for the fabric to be tested. Store the fabric rating standards andhandle them under conditions that will preserve their originalform and appearance. Mounting with thick cardboard fram
34、ingaround the specimens is recommended.6.6.2 PhotographicA set of five photographs 105 mm(.125 in.), numbered 1 to 5, illustrating varying degrees ofpilling from “very severe pilling” to “no pilling.”56.6.3 Digital imaging and/or rating system.6.7 Fabric Punches or Press Cutters, 38 mm (1.5 in.) and
35、140 mm (5.5 in.) in diameter.6.8 Facilities for Laundering Samples, if needed.6.9 Facilities for Drycleaning Samples, if needed.7. Sampling7.1 Primary Sampling UnitConsider rolls of fabric orfabric components of fabricated systems to be the primarysampling unit, as applicable.7.2 Laboratory Sampling
36、 UnitFrom each primary sam-pling unit take one full-width piece of fabric that is 1 m (1 yd)in length along the selvage (machine direction), after firstremoving a 1 m (1 yd) length. For fabric components offabricated systems use the entire system,8. Test Specimens: Selection, Number, and Preparation
37、8.1 Unless otherwise specified, samples should be washedor drycleaned before cutting the test specimens. Conditionsappropriate for the fabric end-use or conditions agreed upon byinterested parties should be used.8.2 Cut a pair of circular specimens from each swatch in thelaboratory sample with one o
38、f each pair of specimens being 38mm (1.5 in.) in diameter and the other 140 mm (5.5 in.) indiameter.8.3 Take the specimens evenly-spaced across the width ofthe laboratory sample or from two different panels in agarment. Specimens should be staggered in such a manner thatno specimens contain the same
39、 yarns. Avoid areas withwrinkles and other distortions. Unless otherwise specified, donot cut specimens nearer the selvage less than110 of the widthof the fabric.9. Preparation of Apparatus9.1 Maintenance CheckFollow instruction manual forproper maintenance of apparatus.10. Conditioning10.1 Conditio
40、n specimens in the standard atmosphere fortesting textiles, which is 21 6 1C (70 6 20F) and 65 % RH6 2 % relative humidity for at least 4 h prior to testing.11. Procedure11.1 Make all tests in the standard atmosphere for testingtextiles.11.2 Mount one 140-mm (5.5-in.) diameter of standard feltand on
41、e fabric specimen on each table (see Fig. 1). Place one38-mm (1.5-in.) diameter disk of 3-mm polyurethane foam anda specimen of the same fabric in each of the holders, makingsure the face of the fabric is exposed for both specimens.11.3 Place the specimen holders on the same table as theother fabric
42、 specimen and insert a spindle into each specimenholder to give a pressure on the larger specimen of approxi-mately 3 kPa (0.44 psi). This pressure is the same as any othersetup but without additional weights.11.4 Start the machine and allow it to run for 100 move-ments. Run additional movements in
43、increments of 100 up to1000 movements as directed in a material specification orcontract. Rate the specimen at each specified interval asdirected in Section 12 and record the final rating.12. Evaluation12.1 Place the 38-mm (1.5-in.) disk specimen squarely onthe double-faced tape in the viewing cabin
44、et (see Fig. 2).12.1.1 Using the viewing apparatus and options selectedfrom Table 1 and either suitable fabric or photograpic standards(6.5), subjectively rate the face of each specimen, using therating standards and the following scale (Note 2):5no pilling4slight pilling3moderate pilling2severe pil
45、ling1very severe pillingNOTE 2If the test method is to be used as a referee method, aminimum of two graders, the agreed-upon standards, and the viewingapparatus and option selected from Table 1 for fabric evaluation shall beused.12.1.2 A digital imaging or rating system may be used asagreed upon by
46、the purchaser and supplier.12.1.3 Average the rating for each laboratory sampling unitand for the lot.13. Report13.1 State that the specimens were tested as directed in TestMethod D 4970. Describe the material or product sampled andthe method of sampling used.5Available from ASTM International Headq
47、uarters. Order Adjunct No.ADJD3512.TABLE 1 Viewing Apparatus and OptionsApparatus Specimen PreparationASTM Lightbox (Fig. 2)A0.78 rad (45)LightboxB0.78 rad (45)LightboxBflatLightboxBcritical angleAs determined by the buyer and supplierAThe source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at
48、this time isStandard Scientific Supply Co., 601 West Market Street, Bethlehem, PA180185208. If you are aware of alternate suppliers, please provide this informa-tion to ASTM Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at ameeting of the responsible technical committee, which you m
49、ay attend.BAvailable commercially.D4970073Copyright by ASTM Intl (all rights reserved); Thu Jan 15 02:52:09 EST 2009Downloaded/printed byGuo Dehua (CNIS) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.13.2 Report the following information:13.2.1 Ratings of each individual specimen for pilling, theaverage rating of the four specimens from each laboratorysampling unit, and the average for the lot.13.2.2 If the fabric was washed before testing, launderingconditions used.13.2.3 If the fabric was drycleaned before testing, condi-tions used.13.2.4
