1、Designation: D 4979 08Standard Test Method forPhysical Description Screening Analysis in Waste1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4979; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A
2、 number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method is used to identify wastes by describingcertain physical properties. It has been developed as a rapid buteffective me
3、ans for visually screening wastes when received inthe laboratory or during collection at the sampling site.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety a
4、nd health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard andwarning information is given in 8.1.6.2. Terminology2.1 Description of Term Specific to This Standard:2.1.1 screening analysisa preliminary qualitative or semi-quantitative test that is de
5、signed to efficiently give the userspecific information about a waste that will aid in determiningwaste identification, process compatibility, and safety in han-dling.3. Summary of Test Method3.1 Samples are inspected and the physical appearance isrecorded, including color, turbidity, viscosity, phy
6、sical state,layering, and any other observable attribute (for example,texture).4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method is intended for use by those in thewaste management industries to aid in describing the physicalcharacteristics of waste.4.2 This test method has two uses. One is to visually sc
7、reenwastes being received at the laboratory to identifying discrep-ancies between the waste, manifest, and historical descriptions.The other use is to visually examine soil and water sampleswhile they are being collected. This information, along withprofessional judgment during sample collection, ca
8、n be used toincrease the knowledge of the site contamination by increasingor reducing the number of samples collected based on visibleindication of contamination or lack of visible indication ofcontamination. For example, if a soil or groundwater sample iscollected “up gradient” of the area of known
9、 or suspectedcontamination to obtain site background concentrations, andthe sample appears contaminated, the up gradient area can berelocated during that sampling event. Visual observation couldalso show that the sampling parameters need to be increased ordecreased. This may reduce or eliminate the
10、need for additionalsampling trips to the field.5. Interferences5.1 Opaque sample containers require removal of a repre-sentative sample sufficient for complete observation. It isrecommended that a representative portion be transferred to aclean, dry, clear container.6. Apparatus6.1 Disposable Spatul
11、a or Eye Dropper.6.2 Clear Glass Sample Containers.7. Sampling7.1 Samples should be obtained in clear glass containers.7.2 Liquid samples may require time to stabilize (that is,until layers reform).7.3 It may be helpful to pick up the sample container andtilt, rotate, swirl, invert it or to manipula
12、te the sample with aclean, disposable spatula or eye dropper.7.4 In the laboratory, if necessary, allow the sample to cometo room temperature in a sealed container. For example, frozenmaterial should be allowed to thaw completely.8. Procedures8.1 Inspect the waste sample and describe the physicalatt
13、ributes noting the following areas.8.1.1 ColorDescribe the visual color of the sample. Ifmore than one color is present, list colors in decreasing orderof prominence. Additional descriptive terms may be useful (forexample, purple with swirls of blue and flecks of yellow).8.1.2 TurbidityDescribe liqu
14、id samples or liquid portionsof samples in terms of clear (transparent), cloudy (translucent),or opaque.8.1.3 ViscosityDescribe the viscosity of liquids and slud-ges. Describe viscosity in reference to viscosity like water,medium viscosity like syrup or motor oil, or high viscosity like1This test me
15、thod is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.05 onScreening Methods.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2008. Published October 2008. Originallyapproved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D 4979 95(2003)
16、.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.molasses or warm tar. Tip the container sideways or invert tonote the viscosity. If a sample is tipped 90 for 5 s and has novisible flow, report it as such.8.1.4 Physical StateDescribe
17、 as liquid, solid, sludge,powder, granular, etc. Note any unusual physical attributes.Note the general range of particle size, (fine to coarse) and thepresence of larger chunks. The presence of any free liquidsmust be noted, as must the presence of (or for stabilized wastes,the absence of) sorbants
18、(absorbants and adsorbents) as a soletreatment. Such sorbants might include sawdust, ground orwhole corn cobs, or vermiculite.8.1.5 LayeringDescribe any layering in terms of roughpercentages of the total sample. Record the color, turbidity, andphysical state of each layer. Describe multilayered samp
19、les bylisting the layers and their percentages from the top downward(that is, 5 % golden transparent medium-viscosity liquid over90 % black opaque low-viscosity liquid over 5 % blue trans-lucent low-viscosity liquid).NOTE 1The presence of oil, water, or heavier fractions such ashalogenated solvents
20、can be confirmed by noting the solubility orinsolubility of each phase and, if insoluble, noting if it is heavier or lighterthan water.8.1.6 OdorNote only obvious incidental odors noticedduring sample handling. (WarningIntentional smelling ofsamples must not be performed under any circumstances!)8.2
21、 All descriptions must be recorded in a complete andconcise manner.9. Precision and Bias9.1 No statement is made about either the precision or biasof this test method since the results of the test are based onvisual observations only.10. Keywords10.1 color; physical description; screening analysis;
22、turbid-ity; viscosityASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringemen
23、t of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or f
24、or additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views know
25、n to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D4979082
