1、Designation: D4979 08 D4979 12Standard Test Method forPhysical Description Screening Analysis in Waste1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4979; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revi
2、sion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method is used to identify wastes by describing certain physical properties. It has been developed as a rapid buteffe
3、ctive means for visually screening wastes when received in the laboratory or during collection at the sampling site.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate
4、 safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use. Specific hazard and warning information is given in 8.1.69.1.6.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D5681 Terminology for Waste and Waste Management3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For defini
5、tion of terms used in the document refer to Terminology D5681.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 screening analysisa preliminary qualitative or semiquantitative test that is designed to efficiently give the user specificinformation about a waste that will aid in determining was
6、te identification, process compatibility, and safety in handling.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Samples are inspected and the physical appearance is recorded, including color, turbidity, viscosity, physical state, layering,and any other observable attribute (for example, texture).5. Significance and U
7、se5.1 This test method is intended for use by those in the waste management industries to aid in describing the physicalcharacteristics of waste.5.2 This test method has two uses. One is to visually screen wastes being received at the laboratory to identifying discrepanciesbetween the waste, manifes
8、t, and historical descriptions. The other use is to visually examine soil and water samples while theyare being collected. This information, along with professional judgment during sample collection, can be used to increase theknowledge of the site contamination by increasing or reducing the number
9、of samples collected based on visible indication ofcontamination or lack of visible indication of contamination. For example, if a soil or groundwater sample is collected “upgradient” of the area of known or suspected contamination to obtain site background concentrations, and the sample appearscont
10、aminated, the up gradient area can be relocated during that sampling event. Visual observation could also show that thesampling parameters need to be increased or decreased. This may reduce or eliminate the need for additional sampling trips to thefield.6. Interferences6.1 Opaque sample containers r
11、equire removal of a representative sample sufficient for complete observation. It isrecommended that a representative portion be transferred to a clean, dry, clear container.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste Management and is the direct responsibility of Sub
12、committee D34.01.05 on ScreeningMethods.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2008Sept. 1, 2012. Published October 2008December 2012. Originally approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 20032008as D4979 95D4979 08.(2003). DOI: 10.1520/D4979-08.10.1520/D4979-12.2 For referenced ASTM standards,
13、 visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM
14、standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by
15、 ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States17. Apparatus7.1 Disposable Spatula or Eye Dropper.7.2 Clear Glass Sample Containers.8. Sampling8.1 Samples should be obtained in clear gla
16、ss containers.8.2 Liquid samples may require time to stabilize (that is, until layers reform).8.3 It may be helpful to pick up the sample container and tilt, rotate, swirl, invert it or to manipulate the sample with a clean,disposable spatula or eye dropper.8.4 In the laboratory, if necessary, allow
17、 the sample to come to room temperature in a sealed container. For example, frozenmaterial should be allowed to thaw completely.9. Procedures9.1 Inspect the waste sample and describe the physical attributes noting the following areas.9.1.1 ColorDescribe the visual color of the sample. If more than o
18、ne color is present, list colors in decreasing order ofprominence. Additional descriptive terms may be useful (for example, purple with swirls of blue and flecks of yellow).9.1.2 TurbidityDescribe liquid samples or liquid portions of samples in terms of clear (transparent), cloudy (translucent), oro
19、paque.9.1.3 ViscosityDescribe the viscosity of liquids and sludges. Describe viscosity in reference to viscosity like water, mediumviscosity like syrup or motor oil, or high viscosity like molasses or warm tar. Tip the container sideways or invert to note theviscosity. If a sample is tipped 90 for 5
20、 s and has no visible flow, report it as such.9.1.4 Physical StateDescribe as liquid, solid, sludge, powder, granular, etc. Note any unusual physical attributes. Note thegeneral range of particle size, (fine to coarse) and the presence of larger chunks. The presence of any free liquids must be noted
21、,as must the presence of (or for stabilized wastes, the absence of) sorbants (absorbants and adsorbents) as a sole treatment. Suchsorbants might include sawdust, ground or whole corn cobs, or vermiculite.9.1.5 LayeringDescribe any layering in terms of rough percentages of the total sample. Record th
22、e color, turbidity, andphysical state of each layer. Describe multilayered samples by listing the layers and their percentages from the top downward (thatis, 5 % golden transparent medium-viscosity liquid over 90 % black opaque low-viscosity liquid over 5 % blue translucentlow-viscosity liquid).NOTE
23、 1The presence of oil, water, or heavier fractions such as halogenated solvents can be confirmed by noting the solubility or insolubility of eachphase and, if insoluble, noting if it is heavier or lighter than water.9.1.6 OdorNote only obvious incidental odors noticed during sample handling. (Warnin
24、gIntentional smelling of samplesmust not be performed under any circumstances!)9.2 All descriptions must be recorded in a complete and concise manner.10. Precision and Bias10.1 No statement is made about either the precision or bias of this test method since the results of the test are based on visu
25、alobservations only.11. Keywords11.1 color; physical description; screening analysis; turbidity; viscosityASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised tha
26、t determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reappro
27、ved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you fe
28、el that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual rep
29、rints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).D4979 122
