1、Designation: D 4981 08Standard Test Method forScreening of Oxidizers in Waste1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4981; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parent
2、heses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method is intended for use prior to preparationof waste samples for organic analysis. Waste samples that haveoxidizing compounds may react wi
3、th certain reagents in thelaboratory (for example, organic solvents).1.2 This test method is applicable to the analysis of wasteliquids, sludges, and solids.1.3 This test method can neither identify specific oxidizingcompounds nor measure concentrations. Since no acid or baseis added in this test me
4、thod, potential oxidizers that require thepresence of acid or base will not be detected by this testmethod.1.4 It is recommended that, prior to this test, waste samplesbe screened for water compatibility; see Test Methods D 5058.1.5 This test method is designed and intended as a prelimi-nary test to
5、 complement quantitative analytical techniques thatmay be used to determine the presence of oxidizers in wastes.This test method offers the ability to screen waste for poten-tially hazardous reactions due to oxidizer content when themore sophisticated techniques are not available or the totalwaste c
6、omposition is unknown.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this stan
7、dard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD 5058 Test Methods for Compatibility of ScreeningAnalysis of Waste3. Terminology3.1 Des
8、cription of Term Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 screening analysisA preliminary qualitative orsemiquantitative test that is designed to efficiently give the userspecific information about a waste that will aid in determiningwaste identification, process compatibility, and safety in han-dling.4. Sum
9、mary of Test Method4.1 A small portion of the sample is placed onto a strip ofpotassium iodide (KI) starch paper. The blue color which is theresult of oxidizing the potassium iodide to iodine (I2)inthepresence of starch, indicates a positive test for oxidizers.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test me
10、thod is intended for use by those in wastemanagement industries to avoid potentially harmful reactionsdue to oxidizing compounds in wastes.6. Interferences6.1 Materials that mask the KI starch paper, (for example,oils, syrups, etc.) prevent reaction with the test paper or visualdetection of a color
11、change.6.2 Samples or slurries of samples that are already darkcolored prior to applying a test portion to the KI starch papercan give false results.6.3 Oxidizers such as ferric salts may not oxidize organics;however, they may show positive reactions with KI.6.4 Oxidizers that require the presence o
12、f acid or base willgive a false negative result. To overcome this problem, run theoxidizer test at acid, base, and neutral pH conditions.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent-grade chemicals shall beused in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended thatall reagents confo
13、rm to specifications of the Committee onAnalytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society wheresuch specifications are available.3Other grades may be used,1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.0
14、5 onScreening Methods.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2008. Published October 2008. Originallyapproved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D 4981 95(2003).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For An
15、nual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications , AmericanChemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents notlisted by the American Chemical Societ
16、y, see Analar Standards for LaboratoryChemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeiaand National Formulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,MD.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, Unit
17、ed States.provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficientlyhigh purity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy ofthe determination.7.2 Purity of WaterUnless otherwise indicated, referencesto water shall be understood to mean reagent water as definedby Type III of Specific
18、ation D 1193.7.3 Potassium Iodide (KI) Starch Paper Strips.7.4 Beakers.7.5 Pipet or Droppers.7.6 Hydrogen Peroxide Solution (3 % H2O2), commercialgrade.7.7 Nitric Acid (1 + 9)Add 1 volume of nitric acid(HNO3, sp. gr 1.42) to 9 volumes of water.8. Sampling8.1 Collect a representative sample of the wa
19、ste in acontainer with a sealed lid.8.2 The sample should be analyzed as soon as possible.8.3 Allow the samples to stabilize to room temperature.9. Procedure9.1 Aqueous SamplesUsing a clean pipet or dropper,place a drop sample on a strip of KI starch paper and note colorchange.9.2 Non-Aqueous Sample
20、s (for example, solid, oil, or sol-vents):9.2.1 In a beaker, prepare a slurry by adding 1 to5gofsample to an equal amount of reagent water.9.2.2 Using a clean pipet or dropper, place a drop of slurryon a strip of KI starch paper.9.2.3 Note any color change.9.3 All sample results shall be checked aga
21、inst the qualitycontrol and blank test strips to verify positive/negative readings(see Section 10).9.4 All positive results (a blue color) shall be reportedimmediately to prevent potential hazardous reactions that mayoccur.NOTE 1 Analyst should be aware that the blue color on the referencestrip and
22、any positive sample test strip will slowly fade with time.10. Quality Control10.1 Quality control check samples, reference blanks andduplicates should be performed at an action level specified bythe laboratory and at an appropriate frequency.10.1.1 Place a drop of reagent water on a KI starch test s
23、tripto serve as a reference blank.10.1.2 Place a drop of 3 % H2O2solution (or 10 % HNO3)on a KI starch test strip to obtain a dark blue reference color.10.2 Method detection limits should be determined by eachlaboratory by using a test oxidizer (7.6 or 7.7).11. Precision and Bias11.1 Precision and B
24、iasNo information is presentedabout either the precision or bias of Test Method D 4981 formeasuring oxidizers since the test result is nonquantitative.12. Keywords12.1 oxidizers; screening analysis; starch-iodide paperASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights
25、asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any tim
26、e by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will r
27、eceive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM I
28、nternational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D4981082
