1、Designation: D4981 08 D4981 12Standard Test Method forScreening of Oxidizers in Waste1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4981; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in
2、 parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method is intended for use prior to preparation of waste samples for organic analysis. Waste samples that haveoxidizing compounds may
3、react with certain reagents in the laboratory (for example, organic solvents).1.2 This test method is applicable to the analysis of waste liquids, sludges, and solids.1.3 This test method can neither identify specific oxidizing compounds nor measure concentrations. Since no acid or base isadded in t
4、his test method, potential oxidizers that require the presence of acid or base will not be detected by this test method.1.4 It is recommended that, prior to this test, waste samples be screened for water compatibility; see Test Methods D5058.1.5 This test method is designed and intended as a prelimi
5、nary test to complement quantitative analytical techniques that maybe used to determine the presence of oxidizers in wastes. This test method offers the ability to screen waste for potentiallyhazardous reactions due to oxidizer content when the more sophisticated techniques are not available or the
6、total waste compositionis unknown.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the us
7、er of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD5058 Practices for Compatibility of Screening Analysis of WasteD5681 Termino
8、logy for Waste and Waste Management3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms used in this screening method, refer to Terminology D5681.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 screening analysisA preliminary qualitative or semiquantitative test that is designed to efficiently give t
9、he user specificinformation about a waste that will aid in determining waste identification, process compatibility, and safety in handling.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A small portion of the sample is placed onto a strip of potassium iodide (KI) starch paper. The blue color which is the resultof oxi
10、dizing the potassium iodide to iodine (I2) in the presence of starch, indicates a positive test for oxidizers.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is intended for use by those in waste management industries to avoid potentially harmful reactions due tooxidizing compounds in wastes.1 This test
11、 method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.05 on ScreeningMethods.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2008Sept. 1, 2012. Published October 2008December 2012. Originally approved in 1989. Last previous edition appr
12、oved in 20032008as D4981 95D4981 08.(2003). DOI: 10.1520/D4981-08.10.1520/D4981-128.2 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary
13、 page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends th
14、at users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States16. Interferences6.1 Ma
15、terials that mask the KI starch paper, (for example, oils, syrups, etc.) prevent reaction with the test paper or visualdetection of a color change.6.2 Samples or slurries of samples that are already dark colored prior to applying a test portion to the KI starch paper can givefalse results.6.3 Oxidiz
16、ers such as ferric salts may not oxidize organics; however, they may show positive reactions with KI.6.4 Oxidizers that require the presence of acid or base will give a false negative result. To overcome this problem, run theoxidizer test at acid, base, and neutral pH conditions.7. Reagents and Mate
17、rials7.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent-grade chemicals shall be used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that allreagents conform to specifications of the Committee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society where suchspecifications are available.3 Other grades may be u
18、sed, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficiently high purityto permit its use without lessening the accuracy of the determination.7.2 Purity of WaterUnless otherwise indicated, references to water shall be understood to mean reagent water as defined byType III of Specificati
19、on D1193.7.3 Potassium Iodide (KI) Starch Paper Strips.7.4 Beakers.7.5 Pipet or Droppers.7.6 Hydrogen Peroxide Solution (3 % H2O2), commercial grade.7.7 Nitric Acid (1 + 9)Add 1 volume of nitric acid (HNO3, sp. gr 1.42) to 9 volumes of water.8. Sampling8.1 Collect a representative sample of the wast
20、e in a container with a sealed lid.8.2 The sample should be analyzed as soon as possible.8.3 Allow the samples to stabilize to room temperature.9. Procedure9.1 Aqueous SamplesUsing a clean pipet or dropper, place a drop sample on a strip of KI starch paper and note color change.9.2 Non-Aqueous Sampl
21、es (for example, solid, oil, or solvents):9.2.1 In a beaker, prepare a slurry by adding 1 to 5 g of sample to an equal amount of reagent water.9.2.2 Using a clean pipet or dropper, place a drop of slurry on a strip of KI starch paper.9.2.3 Note any color change.9.3 All sample results shall be checke
22、d against the quality control and blank test strips to verify positive/negative readings (seeSection 10).9.4 All positive results (a blue color) shall be reported immediately to prevent potential hazardous reactions that may occur.NOTE 1 Analyst should be aware that the blue color on the reference s
23、trip and any positive sample test strip will slowly fade with time.10. Quality Control10.1 Quality control check samples, reference blanks and duplicates should be performed at an action level specified by thelaboratory and at an appropriate frequency.10.1.1 Place a drop of reagent water on a KI sta
24、rch test strip to serve as a reference blank.10.1.2 Place a drop of 3 % H2O2 solution (or 10 % HNO3) on a KI starch test strip to obtain a dark blue reference color.10.2 Method detection limits should be determined by each laboratory by using a test oxidizer (7.6 or 7.7).11. Precision and Bias11.1 P
25、recision and BiasNo information is presented about either the precision or bias of Test Method D4981 for measuringoxidizers since the test result is nonquantitative.3 Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications , , American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the tes
26、ting of reagents not listed bythe American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for Laboratory Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeia and NationalFormulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville, MD.D4981 12212. Keywords12.1 oxidizers; screenin
27、g analysis; starch-iodide paperASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof i
28、nfringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this sta
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30、views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).D4981 123
