1、Designation: D 4998 95 (Reapproved 2003)e1An American National StandardStandard Test Method forEvaluating Wear Characteristics of Tractor Hydraulic Fluids1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4998; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adopti
2、on or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTEWarning notes were editorially moved into the standard text in July 2003.1. Sco
3、pe1.1 This test method is used to screen lubricants for gearwear. It is primarily applicable to tractor hydraulic fluids butmay be suitable for other applications.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concer
4、ns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warninginformation is given in Sections 7 and 9.2. Referenced Documents2.1
5、 ASTM Standards:D 216 Method of Test for Distillation of Natural Gasoline2D 235 Specification for Mineral Spirits (Petroleum Spirits)(Hydrocarbon Dry Cleaning Solvent)3D 323 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-ucts (Reid Method)4D 329 Specification for Acetone32.2 Deutsches Institut fur
6、 Normung (DIN):5DIN 17210 Part 1: Tolerances for Spur Gears; Tolerancesfor the Deviation of Singly Determined ValuesDIN 3962 Casehardened Steel; Material SpecificationsDIN 50150 Testing of Steel and Cast Steel ConversionTable for Vickers Hardness, Brinell Hardness, RockwellHardness and Tensile Stren
7、gthDIN Standard 51354, Mechanical Testing of Gear Oils inthe FZG Gear Test Machine3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 abrasionwear by displacement of material causedby hard particles or hard protuberances.3.1.2 scoringthe formation of severe scratches in thedirection of sliding.3.1.2.1 DiscussionSco
8、ring may be due to local solidphase welding or to abrasion. The term scuffng is sometimesused as a synonym for scoring.3.1.3 scratchingthe formation of fine lines in the directionof sliding that may be due to asperities on the harder slider orto hard particles between the surface or embedded in one
9、ofthem.3.1.3.1 DiscussionScratching is considered less damagingthan scoring or scuffing.3.1.4 scuffnglocalized damage caused by the occurrenceof solid phase welding between sliding surfaces, without localsurface melting.3.1.4.1 DiscussionThe term scoring is sometimes used asa synonym for scuffing.3.
10、2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 wearthe loss of material from contacting surfaces ofthe gear teeth.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A modified FZG gear oil test machine is operated for 20h under controlled conditions of speed (100 r/min), load (tenthstage), and temperature (121C).
11、 Test gears are lubricated withthe test oil.4.2 The test gears are weighed and visually examined beforeand after the test. The gear weight loss and the visuallyobserved damage to the gear teeth are used to evaluate the wearobtained with the test fluid.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of A
12、STM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.B0.03 on Automotive Gear Lubricants and Fluids.Current edition approved May 10, 2003. Published July 2003. Originallyapproved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 1995 as D 499895.2Discont
13、inued. See 1988 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01. Replacedby D 86.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.04.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.5DIN Standards are available from the American National Standards Institute, 25West 43rd Street, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.1Copyright ASTM
14、 International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5. Significance and Use5.1 Many modern tractor designs use the hydraulic fluid tolubricate the transmission and final drive gears. This testmethod is used to assess the suitability of the tractor hydr
15、aulicfluids as lubricants for transmission and final drive gears oftractors.6. Apparatus6.1 FZG Gear Oil Test MachineThe test machine isdescribed in Annex A1 and illustrated in Fig. A2.1 and Fig.A3.1.6.2 Precision Test GearsThe test gears are standard FZGtooth profile A gears as described in Annex A
16、1 and Table A1.16.3 Gear Case HeaterA 750-W gear case heater capableof bringing the oil to test temperature in 20 to 25 min.6.4 Temperature ControllerA proportional band-type1000-W temperature controller for maintaining the oil tem-perature within 1C of the desired test temperature. Thethermocouple
17、is securely attached to the inside right wall of thegear case, 28 mm from the rear wall and 60 mm from thebottom, projecting 15 mm into the gear case.6.5 Analytical BalanceAn analytical balance with 2 kgcapacity and accurate within 1 mg for weighing test gears.6.6 Magnifying Lens, of 3 to 6 power.6.
18、7 Compressed Air551 kPa minimum.6.8 Steam Hot Plate, or bearing heater, with surface tem-peratures below 75C.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Mineral Spirits SolventCommercial grade, conform-ing to the requirements of Specification D 235. (WarningCombustible. Vapor harmful. Keep away from heat, sparks,a
19、nd open flame. Keep container closed. Use with adequateventilation. Avoid prolonged breathing of vapor or spray mist.Avoid prolonged or repeated skin contact.)7.2 AcetoneCommercial grade, conforming to the re-quirements of Specification D 329. (WarningCombustible.Vapor harmful. Keep away from heat,
20、sparks, and open flame.Keep container closed. Use with adequate ventilation. Avoidprolonged breathing of vapor or spray mist. Avoid prolonged orrepeated skin contact.)7.3 PentaneCommercial grade n-pentane, conforming tothe requirements of Table A5.1. (WarningCombustible.Vapor harmful. Keep away from
21、 heat, sparks, and open flame.Keep container closed. Use with adequate ventilation. Avoidprolonged breathing of vapor or spray mist. Avoid prolonged orrepeated skin contact.)8. Preparation of Apparatus8.1 Assemble the FZG machine according to the “OperatingInstructions for the FZG Gear Oil Test Rig”
22、6except that thedrive motor and gearing must be modified to provide an inputshaft speed of 100 6 3 r/min. Use the S23 torsional shaft inassembling. Care must be taken to ensure the accuracy of shaftalignment as described in 6.3.59. Procedure9.1 FZG Test Machine Assembly7Assemble the test ma-chine ac
23、cording to the instructions given in Section 3,6exceptemploy a modified, low speed drive motor as described inAnnex A1.NOTE 1In addition to other precautions, machinery guards are sup-plied with the FZG test machine to protect personnel from hazardsassociated with rotating machinery. These should be
24、 properly installedbefore operating the equipment.NOTE 2In addition to other precautions, the electrical connections forthe drive motor and heater should be installed in accordance with thecurrent edition of the National Electrical Code.89.2 Machine CleaningFlush the test gear case and asso-ciated p
25、arts with mineral spirits solvent. (WarningCombustible. Vapor harmful. Keep away from heat, sparks,and open flame. Keep container closed. Use with adequateventilation. Avoid prolonged breathing of vapor or spray mist.Avoid prolonged or repeated skin contact.) Fill the gear casewith mineral spirits s
26、olvent to a level that is above the shaftcenter line. Manually rotate the shafts so that the bearings arerinsed. Drain mineral spirits solvent from the gear case. Refillgear case with fresh mineral spirits solvent, manually rotateshafts, and drain. Dry gear case with compressed air.9.3 Gear Conditio
27、nExamine the gear tooth faces with amagnifying lens of 3 to 6 power. Do not use gears withimperfections on the tooth faces.9.4 Gear CleaningWash the test gears in mineral spiritssolvent, then acetone, and finally in pentane. (Warning(acetone, pentane) Flammable. Health hazard. In addition toother pr
28、ecautions, acetone, and pentane. Vapors may causeflash fire. Keep away from heat, sparks, and open flame. Keepcontainer closed. Use with adequate ventilation. Avoid buildupof vapors. Eliminate all sources of ignition, especially, non-explosion-proof electrical devices and heaters. Avoid pro-longed b
29、reathing of vapor or spray mist. Avoid prolonged orrepeated skin contact.) After cleaning, handle the gears onlywith clean tongs or with clean gloves. Allow the gears to dry.To prevent water condensation following gear cleaning, care-fully warm the gears to room temperature with a clean, steamhot pl
30、ate or bearing heater with surface temperature below75C.9.5 Gear WeighingWeigh the individual gears using ananalytical balance. The gears must be clean, dry, and at ambienttemperature. Record the weight of each gear, rounding to thenearest milligram. Add the weight of each gear and record thesum as
31、initial total gear weight (TWi).9.6 Gear InstallationInstall the test gears according to4.1.79.7 Test ProcedureFill the gear case with test fluid untillevel with the shaft centerline. Install all machine guards intheir proper operating positions. Set the temperature controller6“Operating Instruction
32、s for the FZG Gear Oil Test Rig,” Max Weiland, (afterProfessor, Dr. D. G. Nieman) April 1969, 8201 Sochtenau-Krotenmuhl, Germany.7The FZG testing machine gears, or suitable balance may be ordered from thefollowing sources: Max Weiland, 8201 Sochtenau-Krotenmuhl, Germany, StramaMaschinebau GmbH, Post
33、fach 0353, Straubing, Germany, Falex, 2055 Comprehen-sive Drive, Aurora, IL 60505, U.S.A, and Petrolab, 874 Albany-Shaker Rd., Latham,NY 12110, USA.8Available from the National Fire Protection Assoc., 1 Batterymarch Park,Quincy, MA 02269.D 4998 95 (2003)e12to 121C. With the heater on and no load app
34、lied, start motorto run at 100 r/min test speed. When temperature stabilizes at121C for 20 to 25 min, stop the motor and apply a tenth stageload. The tenth stage load consists of applying a torque of 373Nm by means of the torque arm, weights, and the bolted loadclutch. Turn on the motor and operate
35、at 100 6 3 r/min for 20h.9.8 Gear Removal, Cleaning, and WeighingRemove thetest gears in accordance with 4.2,6using extreme care to avoidgear damage. Clean and weigh the gears as described in 9.4 and9.5.6Record the total weight of both gears after testing at totalfinal weight, (TWf).9.9 Gear Tooth I
36、nspectionRecord the number of teeth oneach gear which show only the original grinding pattern or themore severe wear characteristic of scratches, scoring, orscuffing. Note the occurrence of any other surface defects, (seeAppendix X1).10. Calculation10.1 Gear Weight ChangeDetermine the total weightch
37、ange (TWC) of the precision test gears as follows:TWC 5 TWi! 2 TWf! (1)where:TWi= total initial weight andTWf= total final weight11. Report11.1 TWC and Gear Tooth ConditionReport the follow-ing: The total weight change in milligrams, and the totalnumber of teeth on each gear that exhibit the most se
38、vere of theoriginal grinding pattern, scratches, scoring, or scuffing.12. Precision and Bias912.1 The precision of this test method was not determined inaccordance with currently accepted guidelines (for example,Committee D02s research report RR:D02-1007 “Manual onDetermining Precision Data for ASTM
39、 Methods on PetroleumProducts and Lubricants”). Only one oil was tested in sixlaboratories. The precision of only the wear portion of the testmethod was determined by statistical examination of interlabo-ratory results as follows and is most useful for nominal wearresults in the neighborhood of 25 m
40、g:12.1.1 RepeatabilityThe difference between two test re-sults for wear obtained by the same operator with the sameapparatus under constant operating conditions on identical testmaterial would, in the long run, in normal and correct operationof this test method, exceed 27.4 mg in only one case in tw
41、enty.12.1.2 ReproducibilityThe difference between two singleand independent test results for wear obtained by differentoperators working in different laboratories on identical testmaterial would, in the long run, in normal and correct operationof the test method, exceed 43.2 mg in only one case in t
42、wenty.12.2 BiasThe procedure in Test Method D 4998 has nobias because the value of wear results can be determined onlyin terms of the test method.12.3 ResultsThe test oil used was a heavy-duty transmis-sion oil formulation, SAE 30 viscosity, without added viscosityindex improver. All tests were done
43、 from 5-gal samples of testoil drawn from a single drum and sent to the laboratories. Notest gears were distributed. Each laboratory used test gearsfrom its own stock.Laboratory Results, Run 1 Wear, mg Run 2A 26.9 34.1B 24.0 39.0C 36.0 36.0D 34.0 12.0E 11.8 30.8F 13.8 12.413. Keywords13.1 anti-wear
44、characteristics; fluid; FZG; gear systems;hydraulic fluid; lubricants; petroleum and petroleum products;transmission fluid and gear oil; wear and wear life of lubricants9Supporting data (copies of the test results, calculations, and FZG MachineOperating Procedure) have been filed at ASTM Internation
45、al Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR: D02-1367.D 4998 95 (2003)e13ANNEXES(Mandatory Information)A1. FZG GEAR OIL TEST MACHINE INFORMATIONA1.1 Ordering InformationThe FZG test machine maybe ordered.7A1.1.1 Description (from DIN 51354):A1.1.1.1 FZG test machine, andA1.1.
46、1.2 FZG gears (tooth Profile A, with faint Maagfinish).A1.2 Modification to the FZG Test MachineA lowspeeddrive must be added to provide an input shaft speed of 100 63 r/min. The low speed drive can be obtained by adding avariable-frequency speed controller to the standard FZG5.4-kW motor or a suita
47、ble speed reducer. The drive mustprovide a smooth and constant rotation. A suitable flexiblecoupling must be installed between the drive and the FZG testmachine.TABLE A1.1 Design Data of the Test Gears Tooth Profile “A”NomenclatureDimensionalValueUnitCenter distance 91.5 mmEffective face width 20 mm
48、Diameter of pitch circlepinion 73.2 mmwheel 109.8 mmDiameter of tip circlepinion 88.7 mmwheel 112.5 mmPitch 4.575 mmNumber of teethpinion 16 .wheel 24 .Profile displacementpinion 0.8635 .wheel 0.5 .Pressure angle 20 degrees22.5 degreesCircumferential speed at pitch circle (at 100 r/min) 0.383 m/sLen
49、gth of tip contactpinion 14.7 mmwheel 3.3 mmMaximum sliding speedpinion 0.257 m/swheel 0.061 m/sHertzian stress at tooth tip (under test conditions oftenth stage load and 100 r/min)pinion 199.9 kgf/mm2wheel 166.3 kgf/mm2D 4998 95 (2003)e14A2. DIAGRAM OF FZG GEAR OIL TEST MACHINE6.FIG. A2.1 FZG Gear Oil Test MachineD 4998 95 (2003)e15A3. DIAGRAM OF FZG GEAR OIL TEST MACHINE6.A4. MANUFACTURING DATA FOR THE TEST GEARS, TOOTH PROFILE “A”A4.1 Material:A4.1.1 20 MnCr 5 according to DIN 17 210, however, witha Brinell hardness HB 30 f
