1、Designation: D 5030 04Standard Test Method forDensity of Soil and Rock in Place by the Water ReplacementMethod in a Test Pit1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5030; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision
2、, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the in-place density and unit weight of soil and rock usin
3、g water to filla lined test pit to determine the volume of the test pit. The useof the word “rock” in this test method is used to imply that thematerial being tested will typically contain particles larger than3 in. (75 mm).1.2 This test method is best suited for test pits with a volumebetween appro
4、ximately 3 and 100 ft3(0.08 and 2.83 m3). Ingeneral, the materials tested would have maximum particlesizes over 5 in. (125 mm). This test method may be used forlarger sized excavations if desirable.1.2.1 This procedure is usually performed using circularmetal templates with inside diameters of 3 ft
5、(0.9 m) or more.Other shapes or materials may be used providing they meet therequirements of this test method and the guidelines given inAnnex A1 for the minimum volume of the test pit.1.2.2 Test Method D 4914 may be used as an alternativemethod. Its use, however, is usually only practical for volum
6、edetermination of test pits between approximately 1 and 6 ft3(0.03 and 0.17 m3).1.2.3 Test Method D 1556 or Test Method D 2167 is usuallyused to determine the volume of test holes smaller than 1 ft3(0.03 m3).1.3 The two procedures are described as follows:1.3.1 Procedure AIn-Place Density and Unit W
7、eight ofTotal Material (Section 10).1.3.2 Procedure BIn-Place Density and Unit Weight ofControl Fraction (Section 11).1.4 Selection of Procedure:1.4.1 Procedure A is used when the in-place unit weight oftotal material is to be determined. Procedure A can also be usedto determine percent compaction o
8、r percent relative densitywhen the maximum particle size present in the in-placematerial being tested does not exceed the maximum particlesize allowed in the laboratory compaction test (Test MethodsD 698, D 1557, D 4253, D 4254, D 4564). For Test MethodsD 698 and D 1557 only, the unit weight determi
9、ned in thelaboratory compaction test may be corrected for larger particlesizes in accordance with, and subject to the limitations of,Practice D 4718.1.4.2 Procedure B is used when percent compaction orpercent relative density is to be determined and the in-placematerial contains particles larger tha
10、n the maximum particlesize allowed in the laboratory compaction test or when PracticeD 4718 is not applicable for the laboratory compaction test.Then the material is considered to consist of two fractions, orportions. The material from the in-place unit weight test isphysically divided into a contro
11、l fraction and an oversizefraction based on a designated sieve size. The unit weight ofthe control fraction is calculated and compared with the unitweight(s) established by the laboratory compaction test(s).1.4.2.1 Because of possible lower densities created whenthere is particle interference (see P
12、ractice D 4718), the percentcompaction of the control fraction should not be assumed torepresent the percent compaction of the total material in thefield.1.4.3 Normally, the control fraction is the minus No. 4 sievesize material for cohesive or nonfree-draining materials and theminus 3-in. sieve siz
13、e material for cohesionless, free-drainingmaterials. While other sizes are used for the control fraction (38,34-in.), this test method has been prepared using only the No.4 and the 3-in. sieve sizes for clarity.1.5 Any material can be tested, provided the material beingtested has sufficient cohesion
14、 or particle attraction to maintainstable sides during excavation of the test pit and throughcompletion of this test. It should also be firm enough not todeform or slough due to the minor pressures exerted in diggingthe hole and filling with water.1.5.1 A very careful assessment must be made as to w
15、hetheror not the volume determined is representative of the in-placecondition when this test method is used for clean, relativelyuniform-sized particles 3 in. (75 mm) and larger. The distur-bance during excavation, due to lack of cohesion, and the voidspaces between particles spanned by the liner ma
16、y affect themeasurement of the volume of the test pit.1.6 This test method is generally limited to material in anunsaturated condition and is not recommended for materialsthat are soft or friable (crumble easily) or in a moisture1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on So
17、il andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.08 on Special andConstruction Control Tests.Current edition approved March. 1, 2004. Published April 2004. Originallyapproved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 1994 as D 503089(1994)e11Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Har
18、bor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.condition such that water seeps into the excavated hole. Theaccuracy of the test may be affected for materials that deformeasily or that may undergo volume change in the excavatedhole from standing or walking near the hole durin
19、g the test.1.7 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.7.1 In the engineering profession, it is customary practiceto use, interchangeably, units representing both mass and force,unless dynamic calculations (F
20、= Ma) are involved. This im-plicitly combines two separate systems of units, that is, theabsolute system and the gravimetric system. It is scientificallyundesirable to combine the use of two separate systems withina single standard. This test method has been written usinginch-pound units (gravimetri
21、c system) where the pound (lbf)represents a unit of force (weight); however, conversions aregiven in the SI system. The use of balances or scales recordingpounds of mass (lbm), or the recording of density in lbm/ft3should not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.1.8 This standard does no
22、t purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specifichazard statement, see Sec
23、tion 7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 127 Test Method for Specific Gravity and Absorption ofCoarse AggregateC 138 Test Method for Unit Weight, Yield, and Air Content(Gravimetric) of ConcreteC 566 Test Method for Total Moisture Content of Aggregateby DryingD 653 Terminology Relating to
24、Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 698 Test Methods for Moisture-Density Relations ofSoils and Soil-Aggregate Mixtures Using 5.5-lb (2.49-kg)Rammer and 12-in. (305-mm) DropD 1556 Test Method for Density of Soil in Place by theSand-Cone MethodD 1557 Test Methods for Moisture-Density Relations ofSoils a
25、nd Soil Aggregate Mixtures Using 10-lb (4.54-kg)Rammer and 18-in. (457-mm) DropD 2167 Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of SoilIn-Place by the Rubber Balloon MethodD 2216 Method for Laboratory Determination of Water(Moisture) Content of Soil, Rock, and Soil-AggregateMixturesD 4253 Test Methods
26、 for Maximum Index Density of SoilsUsing a Vibratory TableD 4254 Test Methods for Minimum Index Density of Soilsand Calculation of Relative DensityD 4564 Test Method for Density of Soil in Place by theSleeve MethodD 4718 Practice for Correction of Unit Weight and WaterContent for Soils Containing Ov
27、ersize ParticlesD 4753 Specification for Evaluating, Selecting, and Speci-fying Balances and Scales for Use in Soil and RockTestingD 4914 Test Method for Density of Soils in Place by SandReplacement Method in a Test PitE 1 Specification for ASTM ThermometersE 11 Specification for Wire-Cloth Sieves f
28、or Testing Pur-poses3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsExcept as follows in 3.2, all definitions arein accordance with Terminology D 653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 control fractionthe portion of a soil sample consist-ing of particles smaller than a designated sieve size.3.2.1
29、.1 DiscussionThis fraction is used to compare in-place unit weights with unit weights obtained from standardlaboratory tests. The control sieve size depends on the labora-tory test used.3.2.2 oversize particlesthe portion of a soil sample con-sisting of the particles larger than a designated sieve s
30、ize.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The ground surface at the test location is prepared and atemplate (metal ring) is placed and fixed into position. A lineris laid in the template and the volume of the space between aselected level within the template and the ground surface isdetermined by filling the
31、 space with water. The mass or thevolume of the water required to fill the template to the selectedlevel is determined and the water and liner removed. Materialfrom within the boundaries of the template is excavated,forming a pit. A liner is placed in the test pit and template,water is poured into t
32、he pit and template up to the selectedlevel; the mass or volume of the water within the pit andtemplate and, subsequently, the volume of the hole are deter-mined. The wet density of the in-place material is calculatedfrom the mass of material removed and the measured volumeof the test pit. The moist
33、ure content is determined and the dryunit weight of the in-place material is calculated.4.2 The unit weight of a fraction of the material can bedetermined by subtracting the mass and volume of any oversizeparticles from the initial values and recalculating the unitweight.5. Significance and Use5.1 T
34、his test method is used to determine the in-place unitweight of compacted materials in construction of earth em-bankments, road fills, and structure backfill. For constructioncontrol, it can be used as the basis for acceptance of materialcompacted to a specified unit weight or to a percentage of ama
35、ximum unit weight determined by a standard laboratory testmethod such as determined from Test Methods D 698 orD 1557, subject to the limitations discussed in 1.4.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book
36、of ASTMStandardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.D50300425.2 This test method can be used to determine in-place unitweight of natural soil deposits, aggregates, soil mixtures, orother similar material.6. Apparatus6.1 Balance or Scale, having a capac
37、ity and readabilityappropriate to the mass and procedural techniques for thespecific test pit dimensions within the range of 3 to 100 ft3(0.08 to 2.83 m3) volume and meeting the requirements ofSpecification D 4753.6.2 Balance or Scalea balance (or scale) to determinemoisture content of minus No. 4 m
38、aterial having a minimumcapacity of about 1000 g and meeting the requirements ofSpecification D 4753 for a balance of 0.1 g readability.6.3 Drying Oven, thermostatically controlled, preferably ofthe forced-draft type, and capable of maintaining a uniformtemperature of 110 6 5C throughout the drying
39、chamber.6.4 Sieves, No. 4 sieve (4.75-mm) and 3-in. (75-mm),conforming to the requirements of Specification E 11.6.5 Thermometer, 0 to 50C range, 0.5 graduations, con-forming to the requirements of Specification E 1.6.6 Metal Templatea circular template to serve as apattern for the excavation. Templ
40、ate dimensions, shapes, andmaterial may vary according to the size of the test pit to beexcavated. The template must be rigid enough not to deflect orbend.NOTE 1The template shown in Fig. 1 represents a design that hasbeen found suitable for this purpose.6.6.1 Since it may be difficult to place the
41、template exactlylevel, particularly with 6-ft (1.8-m) and larger diameter rings,the height of the template should accommodate a slope ofapproximately 5 %. Since the water level has to be below thetop of the template, it is not necessary that the template belevel. The larger rings should be high enou
42、gh to prevent anyloss of water due to wave action caused by wind.6.7 Liners, approximately 4 to 6 mil thick. Two pieces, eachlarge enough to line the test pit, with about 3 ft (1 m) extendingbeyond the outside of the template. Any type of material,plastic sheeting, etc. can be used as long as it is
43、flexible enoughto conform to the ground surface.6.8 Water-Measuring Device, including a storage container,delivery hoses or piping, and a water meter, scale, or othersuitable measurement device. Water may be measured by massor by volume. The equipment must be capable of controllingthe delivery of th
44、e water so that any inaccuracies in filling andmeasuring do not exceed 6 1 % of the total mass or volumedelivered.6.9 Water-Level Reference IndicatorA water-level refer-ence must be established so that the water level in the templateis the same for the two determinations. A hook gage may be thesimpl
45、est and most practical, although any device such as a rodwith a pointed end that can be fastened to the template, acarpenters level and scale, a carpenters scale on a beamacross the template, or other similar arrangement or devicemay be used. Whichever method is employed, the device mustbe able to b
46、e removed and replaced so that the reference waterlevel is measured at the exact same location. Some type ofprotection around the device may be necessary if the watersurface inside the template is not smooth.6.10 Siphon Hose, Pump, Buckets, Hoses, or other suitableequipment to move water to and from
47、 the template or pit, orboth, and any storage container or reservoir.6.11 Miscellaneous Equipment, sandbags used to preventmovement of the template during the test; shovels, picks,chisels, bars, knives, and spoons for digging test pit; buckets orseamless cans with lids, drums, barrels, or other suit
48、ablecontainers for retaining the test specimen without moisturechange; cloth for collecting excess soil; assorted pans andporcelain dishes suitable for drying moisture content speci-mens; boards, planks, etc., to serve as a work platform whentesting soils that may flow or deform; hoists, slings, cha
49、ins, andother suitable equipment that may be required to handle heavyloads; surveyors level and rod or other suitable equipment forchecking the slope on the template in place; duct tape ormortar, or both, used to prevent tearing of the plastic sheetingby sharp rock fragments.7. Safety Hazards7.1 This test method involves handling heavy loads.8. Technical Hazards8.1 Materials that may flow or deform during the test mustbe identified and appropriate precautions taken.8.2 Errors may arise in the computed unit weight of materialdue to the influence of excessive moisture i
