1、Designation: D5084 10D5084 16Standard Test Methods forMeasurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Saturated PorousMaterials Using a Flexible Wall Permeameter1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5084; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoptio
2、n or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods cover laboratory measurement of the hydraulic conductiv
3、ity (also referred to as coeffcient ofpermeability) of water-saturated porous materials with a flexible wall permeameter at temperatures between about 15 and 30C (59and 86F). Temperatures outside this range may be used; however, the user would have to determine the specific gravity of mercuryand RT
4、(see 10.3) at those temperatures using data from Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. There are six alternate methods orhydraulic systems that may be used to measure the hydraulic conductivity. These hydraulic systems are as follows:1.1.1 Method AConstant Head1.1.2 Method BFalling Head, constant tailw
5、ater elevation1.1.3 Method CFalling Head, rising tailwater elevation1.1.4 Method DConstant Rate of Flow1.1.5 Method EConstant VolumeConstant Head (by mercury)1.1.6 Method FConstant VolumeFalling Head (by mercury), rising tailwater elevation1.2 These test methods use water as the permeant liquid; see
6、 4.3 and Section 6 on Reagents for water requirements.1.3 These test methods may be utilized on all specimen types (undisturbed, reconstituted, remolded, compacted, etc.) that havea hydraulic conductivity less than about 1 106 m/s (1 104 cm/s), providing the head loss requirements of 5.2.3 are met.
7、Forthe constant-volume methods, the hydraulic conductivity typically has to be less than about 1 107 m/s.1.3.1 If the hydraulic conductivity is greater than about 1 106 m/s, but not more than about 1 105 m/s; then the size of thehydraulic tubing needs to be increased along with the porosity of the p
8、orous end pieces. Other strategies, such as using higherviscosity fluid or properly decreasing the cross-sectional area of the test specimen, or both, may also be possible. The key criterionis that the requirements covered in Section 5 have to be met.1.3.2 If the hydraulic conductivity is less than
9、about 1 1011 m/s, then standard hydraulic systems and temperatureenvironments will typically not suffice. Strategies that may be possible when dealing with such impervious materials may includethe following: (a) controlling the temperature more precisely, (b) adoption of unsteady state measurements
10、by using high-accuracyequipment along with the rigorous analyses for determining the hydraulic parameters (this approach reduces testing durationaccording to Zhang et al. (1)2), and (c) shortening the length or enlarging the cross-sectional area, or both, of the test specimen.Other items, such as us
11、e of higher hydraulic gradients, lower viscosity fluid, elimination of any possible chemical gradients andbacterial growth, and strict verification of leakage, may also be considered.1.4 The hydraulic conductivity of materials with hydraulic conductivities greater than 1 10 5 m/s may be determined b
12、y TestMethod D2434.1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guide for significant digits and rounding established in PracticeD6026.1.5.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected, recorded, and calculated in this standard are regarded as theindustry standard. In additi
13、on, they are representative of the significant digits that should generally be retained. The proceduresused do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the usersobjectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce sign
14、ificant digits of reported data to be commensurate with theseconsiderations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.1 This standard is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct respo
15、nsibility of Subcommittee D18.04 on Hydrologic Propertiesand Hydraulic Barriers.Current edition approved July 1, 2010Aug. 1, 2016. Published August 2010August 2016. Originally approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 20032010 asD508403.10. DOI: 10.1520/D5084-10.10.1520/D5084-16.2 The bold
16、face numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references appended to this standard.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to
17、adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright A
18、STM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States11.6 This standard also contains a Hazards section about using mercury, see Section 7.1.7 The time to perform this test depends on such items as the Method (A, B, C, D, E, or F) used, the initial de
19、gree of saturationof the test specimen and the hydraulic conductivity of the test specimen. The constant volume Methods (E and F) and Method Drequire the shortest period-of-time. Typically a test can be performed using Methods D, E, or F within two to three days. MethodsA, B, and C take a longer per
20、iod-of-time, from a few days to a few weeks depending on the hydraulic conductivity. Typically, aboutone week is required for hydraulic conductivities on the order of 1 109 m/s. The testing time is ultimately controlled by meetingthe equilibrium criteria for each Method (see 9.5).1.8 The values stat
21、ed in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions, which are provided for information purposes only and are not considered standard, unless specifically stated asstandard, such as 0.5 mm or 0.01 in.1.9 This standard does not purp
22、ort to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D653
23、Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained FluidsD698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft3 (600 kN-m/m3)D854 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by Water PycnometerD1140 Test Methods for Determining the Amount of
24、Material Finer than 75-m (No. 200) Sieve in Soils by WashingD1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3 (2,700kN-m/m3)D1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Fine-Grained Soils for Geotechnical PurposesD2113 Practice for Rock
25、Core Drilling and Sampling of Rock for Site ExplorationD2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD2434 Test Method for Permeability of Granular Soils (Constant Head) (Withdrawn 2015)4D2435 Test Methods for One-Dimensional Consolidation Proper
26、ties of Soils Using Incremental LoadingD3550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel, Drive Sampling of Soils (Withdrawn 2016)4D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used inEngineering Design and ConstructionD4220 Pract
27、ices for Preserving and Transporting Soil SamplesD4318 Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of SoilsD4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Balances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and ConstructionMaterials TestingD4767 Test Method for Consolida
28、ted Undrained Triaxial Compression Test for Cohesive SoilsD5079 Practices for Preserving and Transporting Rock Core SamplesD6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical DataD6151 Practice for Using Hollow-Stem Augers for Geotechnical Exploration and Soil SamplingD6169 Guide for Selecti
29、on of Soil and Rock Sampling Devices Used With Drill Rigs for Environmental InvestigationsE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test MethodsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For
30、 common definitions of technical terms in this standard, refer to Terminology D653.3.1.2 head loss, hthe change in total head of water across a given distance.3.1.2.1 DiscussionIn hydraulic conductivity testing, typically the change in total head is across the influent and effluent lines connected t
31、o thepermeameter, while the given distance is typically the length of the test specimen.3.1.3 permeameterthe apparatus (cell) containing the test specimen in a hydraulic conductivity test.3 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at servicea
32、stm.org. ForAnnual Book ofASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.4 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.D5084 1623.1.3.1 DiscussionThe apparatus in this case is typically a triaxial-type cell w
33、ith all of its components (top and bottom specimen caps, stones, andfilter paper; membrane; chamber; top and bottom plates; valves; etc.).3.1.4 hydraulic conductivity, kthe rate of discharge of water under laminar flow conditions through a unit cross-sectional areaof porous medium under a unit hydra
34、ulic gradient and standard temperature conditions (20C).3.1.4.1 DiscussionIn hydraulic conductivity testing, the term coeffcient of permeability is often used instead of hydraulic conductivity, but hydraulicconductivity is used exclusively in this standard. A more complete discussion of the terminol
35、ogy associated with Darcys law isgiven in the literature. (2, 3)3.1.5 pore volume of flowin hydraulic conductivity testing, the cumulative quantity of flow into a test specimen divided bythe volume of voids in the specimen.4. Significance and Use4.1 These test methods apply to one-dimensional, lamin
36、ar flow of water within porous materials such as soil and rock.4.2 The hydraulic conductivity of porous materials generally decreases with an increasing amount of air in the pores of thematerial. These test methods apply to water-saturated porous materials containing virtually no air.4.3 These test
37、methods apply to permeation of porous materials with water. Permeation with other liquids, such as chemicalwastes, can be accomplished using procedures similar to those described in these test methods. However, these test methods areonly intended to be used when water is the permeant liquid. See Sec
38、tion 6.4.4 Darcys law is assumed to be valid and the hydraulic conductivity is essentially unaffected by hydraulic gradient.4.5 These test methods provide a means for determining hydraulic conductivity at a controlled level of effective stress.Hydraulic conductivity varies with varying void ratio, w
39、hich changes when the effective stress changes. If the void ratio is changed,the hydraulic conductivity of the test specimen will likely change, see Appendix X2. To determine the relationship betweenhydraulic conductivity and void ratio, the hydraulic conductivity test would have to be repeated at d
40、ifferent effective stresses.4.6 The correlation between results obtained using these test methods and the hydraulic conductivities of in-place field materialshas not been fully investigated. Experience has sometimes shown that hydraulic conductivities measured on small test specimensare not necessar
41、ily the same as larger-scale values. Therefore, the results should be applied to field situations with caution and byqualified personnel.4.7 In most cases, when testing high swell potential materials and using a constant-volume hydraulic system, the effectiveconfining stress should be about 1.5 time
42、s the swell pressure of the test specimen or a stress which prevents swelling. If theconfining stress is less than the swell pressure, anomalous flow conditions my occur; e.g., for example, mercury column(s) movein the wrong direction.NOTE 1The quality of the result produced by this standard is depe
43、ndent of the competence of the personnel performing it and the suitability of theequipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing,sampling, inspection, etc Users of this standard are cautioned that co
44、mpliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliableresults depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.5. Apparatus5.1 Hydraulic SystemConstant head (MethodA), falling head (Methods B and C), constant rate of flow (Method
45、D), constantvolume-constant head (Method E), or constant volume-falling head (Method F) systems may be utilized provided they meet thefollowing criteria:5.1.1 Constant HeadThe system must be capable of maintaining constant hydraulic pressures to 65 % or better and shallinclude means to measure the h
46、ydraulic pressures to within the prescribed tolerance. In addition, the head loss across thepermeameter must be held constant to 65 % or better and shall be measured with the same accuracy or better. A pressure gage,electronic pressure transducer, or any other device of suitable accuracy shall measu
47、re pressures to a minimum of three significantdigits. The last digit may be due to estimation, see 5.1.1.1.5.1.1.1 Practice D6026 discusses the use or application of estimated digits. When the last digit is estimated and that reading isa function of the eyes elevation/location, then a mirror or anot
48、her device is required to reduce the reading error caused by parallax.5.1.2 Falling HeadThe system shall allow for measurement of the applied head loss, thus hydraulic gradient, to 65 % orbetter at any time. In addition, the ratio of initial head loss divided by final head loss over an interval of t
49、ime shall be measuredsuch that this computed ratio is accurate to 65 % or better. The head loss shall be measured with a pressure gage, electronicpressure transducer, engineers scale, graduated pipette, or any other device of suitable accuracy to a minimum of three significantdigits. The last digit may be due to estimation, see 5.1.1.1. Falling head tests may be performed with either a constant tailwaterD5084 163elevation (Method B) or a rising tailwater elevation (Method C), see Fig. 1. This schematic of a hydraulic syste
