1、Designation: D 5094 04Standard Test Methods forGross Leakage of Liquids from Containers with Threaded orLug-Style Closures1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5094; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision,
2、the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods may demonstrate container/closureintegrity with threaded or lug-style closures by the
3、determina-tion of gross leaks in rigid and semi-rigid containers (up to 4 L(1.06 g). Such tests may be used to indicate the ability of aliquid container to survive the distribution environment with-out leaking. These test methods may not be suitable todetermine the leak resistance of containers inte
4、nded for trans-port of hazardous materials.1.2 Test Methods:1.2.1 Test Method A, Shipping Container Vibration andStorage Test, covers the ability of a shipping container and itsinterior packaging to protect the contents from leakage aftertransportation induced vibration and high-temperature storage.
5、1.2.2 Test Method B, Shipping Container Vibration andVacuum Chamber Test, is suitable for individual containers andis usually less severe than Test Method A. The advantage ofTest Method B is the shortness of the test.1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safetyconserns associated with it
6、s use. It is the responsibility of theuser of this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthpractices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-tions prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-mentsD 999 Test M
7、ethods for Vibration Testing of ShippingContainersD 3198 Test Method for Application and Removal Torqueof Threaded or Lug-Style ClosuresD 3474 Practice for the Calibration and Use of TorqueMeters Used in Packaging ApplicationsD 4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Con-tainers and System
8、sD 4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, orPackaging Components for Testing3. Terminology3.1 General definitions for packaging are found in Termi-nology D 996.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 gross leakany opening in the container or closureseal that produces v
9、isible leakage such that the container wouldnot be suitable for transport or subsequent distribution.3.2.2 leakany opening in a container which, contrary tointention, either lets contents escape or permits substances toenter.3.2.3 leakagethat which passes through a leak.4. Summary of Test Methods4.1
10、 Method A, Shipping Container Vibration and StorageTestTest specimens are filled to their expected fill capacitywith product or liquid simulating product and the closure isapplied to the container. Closures should be applied with thesame torque as would be encountered in production. Thespecimens are
11、 packed into shipping containers and vibrated.The specimens, stored on their sides, are subjected to 40C(104F) (or other conditions as appropriate) for four weeks.Each specimen is examined for leakage.4.2 Method B, Container Vibration and Vacuum ChamberTestTest specimens are partially filled with pr
12、oduct or liquidsimulating product and the closure is applied to the container.Closures should be applied with the same torque as would beencountered in production. The specimens are packed intoshipping containers and vibrated. Following vibration, theindividual specimens are removed from the shippin
13、g containerand subjected to 10 in. Hg (33.7 kPa) vacuum for 10 min andexamined for leakage.NOTE 1Other levels of vacuum, or time, or both may be appropriate.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 onPackaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.32 on Consum
14、erPackages.Current edition approved April 1, 2004. Published May 2004. Originallyapproved in 1990. Last previous edition aprpoved in 1990 as D 509490(2003).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of AST
15、MStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5. Significance and Use5.1 These test methods are used to indicate the integrity ofthe con
16、tainer and closure system in the distribution environ-ment.5.2 These test methods measure the ability of the containerand closure system to prevent leakage when stored or trans-ported upright, inverted, or on the side.5.3 These test methods allow for comparison of container/closure designs of thread
17、ed and lug-style closures of similar ordifferent materials, or different manufacturers. These tests aresuitable for packaging development, engineering and toolingevaluations.6. Apparatus6.1 Method A, Shipping Container Vibration and StorageTest:6.1.1 Drying Oven, constant-temperature, equipped withm
18、eans for ensuring adequate temperature control, 40 6 1C(104 6 1.8F) and air circulation, ambient humidity, or otherconditions as appropriate.6.1.2 Torque Meter, with an appropriate scale which accu-rately measures within the expected torque range.6.1.3 Vibration Test Machine, the apparatus described
19、 in theApparatus section of Methods D 999 may be used.6.2 Method B, Shipping Container Vibration and VacuumTest:6.2.1 Vacuum Chamber, any suitable chamber capable ofwithstanding approximately one atmosphere pressure differen-tial, fitted with a vacuum-tight seal. A vacuum gauge, an inlettube from a
20、source of vacuum, and an outlet tube to theatmosphere shall be sealed to the chamber. The inlet and outlettubes shall be equipped with shut-off valves. The vacuumgauge shall be laboratory quality with a full scale range of 0 to30 in. Hg (0 to 100 kPa).6.2.2 Torque Meter, with an appropriate scale wh
21、ich accu-rately measures within the expected torque range.6.2.3 Vibration Test Machine, the apparatus described in theApparatus section of Methods D 999 may be used.7. Sampling7.1 The complete test unit shall consist of the shippingcontainer, with interior packaging and the actual test specimens(con
22、tainer(s) and closure(s).7.2 A minimum of three specimens representing each vari-able, such as cap or bottle mold from each cavity but not lessthan ten specimens are to be selected. The total number ofspecimens may need to be increased to completely fill theshipping container. More than one shipping
23、 container may berequired.7.3 Select unused closures and unused containers that arewithin specifications.8. Test Specimens8.1 Test Method AA specimen shall be one container filledto expected fill capacity with product or liquid simulatingproduct. The closure is secured in accordance with 11.1.8.2 Te
24、st Method BA specimen shall be one containerone-third filled with product or liquid simulating product. Theclosure is secured in accordance with 11.1.8.3 Colorant should be added to the contents when neces-sary to give permanent indication where there is leakage.9. Calibration9.1 Calibrate the torqu
25、e meter in accordance with PracticeD 3474.10. Conditioning10.1 Store the shipping container components at ambientlaboratory conditions for at least 4 h before testing, or otherconditions in accordance with Practice D 4332.10.2 Store the torqued container/closure test specimensupright at least 24 h a
26、t ambient conditions before commencingthe test.11. Procedure11.1 Apply closures to the containers according to theApplication Torque Measurement section of the procedure inTest Method D 3198.11.2 Test Method A, Shipping Container Vibration andStorage Test:11.2.1 Place the filled specimens in their s
27、hipping containeror in an appropriate carton so that they will remain firmly inplace during vibration.11.2.2 Proceed as directed according to Methods D 999(Method A 1 or A 2) 20 min each on bottom, top, and one side,or run an entire shipping cycle in accordance with PracticeD 4169.11.2.3 Remove the
28、specimens from the shipping containeror carton. Examine all specimens for visible leakage withoutremoving or disturbing the closure. Note the location(s) ofleakage.11.2.4 Place the test specimens on their sides (liquid incontact with finish/closure) in a container capable of holdingthe liquid should
29、 a leak develop. It is recommended thatabsorbent blotting paper be placed beneath the samples to moreeasily detect leakage. Store the test specimens at 40 6 1C(104 6 1.8F), or other appropriate temperature, ambienthumidity and inspect for liquid leakage at 24 h and at one-weekintervals for four week
30、s. Note location(s) of leakage.11.2.5 At the conclusion of the test, remove the closure andinspect the threads for signs of leakage or crusting from partialleakage.11.3 Test Method B, Shipping Container Vibration andVacuum Chamber Test:11.3.1 Place the partially filled specimens in their shippingcon
31、tainer or in an appropriate carton so that they will remainfirmly in place during vibration.11.3.2 Proceed as directed according to Methods D 999(Method A 1 or A 2) 20 min each on bottom, top, and one side,or run an entire shipping cycle in accordance with PracticeD 4169.11.3.3 Remove the specimens
32、from the shipping containersor carton. Examine all specimens for visible leakage withoutremoving or disturbing the closure. Note location(s) of leakage.11.3.4 Place the partially filled specimens inverted in abeaker or other receptable to contain leakage.NOTE 2Other orientations of the specimens may
33、 be appropriate.D5094042Orientation of the container should be such that suspected leak areas arecovered with the liquid inside the container.11.3.5 Place specimens in the vacuum chamber and closethe vacuum chamber.11.3.6 Close the chamber inlet valve.11.3.7 Open the chamber outlet valve and turn on
34、 vacuumsource so that the gauge rises slowly (from 30 s to 1 min) to 10in. Hg (33.7 kPa) and close the outlet valve.11.3.8 Maintain the vacuum for 10 min.11.3.9 Partially open the chamber inlet valve and release thevacuum slowly (30 s to 1 min).11.3.10 Open the chamber.11.3.11 Remove the specimens a
35、nd examine for leakage,cracks, or other visible damage. Record the results of thisexamination. Note location(s) of leakage.12. Interpretation of Results12.1 If there is leakage to the outside of the specimen, thepackage fails the test.12.2 If there is no leakage to the outside of the specimen thepac
36、kage passes the test.12.3 If there is leakage to the threads but not to the outside,the specimen may or may not be acceptable. This effect may beused as a comparative evaluation between closures and moldcavities.13. Report13.1 Report the following information:13.1.1 Statement that testing was done i
37、n accordance withASTM Test Method D 5094, Test Method A or Test Method B,or that the testing was done with indicated changes.13.1.2 Materials of construction of the closure, liner andcontainer including finish and manufacturers designation.13.1.3 Description of the shipping container and interiorpac
38、kaging, the test frequencies, intensities, and durations used.13.1.4 Product or substitute used and fill level.13.1.5 Statement whether or not leakage occurred and, ifpossible, a report of the location of each leak.13.1.6 Statement of the number of specimens included inthe test and the number of fai
39、lures, if any.13.1.7 Conditioning time, temperature, and relative humid-ity.13.1.8 Temperature and relative humidity of the test area.13.1.9 Time between application and removal of closures.13.1.10 Compilation of measured torques.13.1.11 If Test Method B is used, a statement of vacuum andduration.13
40、.1.12 Statement of observations that may lead to im-provements.14. Precision and Bias14.1 No statement is made about either the precision or biasof this test method since the result merely states whether thereis conformance to the criteria for success specified in theprocedure.15. Keywords15.1 closu
41、re leakage; container leakage; leak; leakage; liq-uid leakage; vacuumASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of an
42、y such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are i
43、nvited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not receiv
44、ed a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D5094043
