1、Designation: D5101 12 (Reapproved 2017)Standard Test Method forMeasuring the Filtration Compatibility of Soil-GeotextileSystems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5101; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisi
2、on, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers performance tests applicable fordetermining the compatibility of geotextiles w
3、ith various typesof water-saturated soils under unidirectional flow conditions.1.2 Two evaluation methods may be used to investigatesoil-geotextile filtration behavior, depending on the soil type:1.2.1 For soils with a plasticity index lower than 5, thesystems compatibility shall be evaluated per th
4、is standard.1.2.2 For soils with a plasticity index of 5 or more, it isrecommended to use Test Method D5567 (HCR, HydraulicConductivity Ratio) instead of this test method.1.2.3 If the plasticity index of the soil is close to 5, theinvolved parties shall agree on the selection of the appropriatemetho
5、d prior to conducting the test. This task may requirecomparison of the permeability of the soil-geotextile system tothe detection limits of the HCR and Gradient Ratio Test (GRT)test apparatus being used.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values in parentheses are fo
6、r information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to
7、use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD422 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils (With-drawn 2016)3D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Standard E
8、ffort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft3(600kN-m/m3)D737 Test Method for Air Permeability of Textile FabricsD854 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids byWater PycnometerD1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Fine-Grained Soils for Geotechnical PurposesD2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determinat
9、ion of Water(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for EngineeringPurposes (Unified Soil Classification System)D2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils(Visual-Manual Procedure)D4220 Practices for Preserving and Transporting SoilSamples
10、D4318 Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, andPlasticity Index of SoilsD4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics and RolledErosion Control Products (RECPs) for TestingD4439 Terminology for GeosyntheticsD4491 Test Methods for Water Permeability of Geotextilesby PermittivityD4647 Test Meth
11、od for Identification and Classification ofDispersive Clay Soils by the Pinhole TestD4751 Test Methods for Determining Apparent OpeningSize of a GeotextileD5084 Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Con-ductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a FlexibleWall PermeameterD5101 Test Method for
12、 Measuring the Filtration Compat-ibility of Soil-Geotextile SystemsD5567 Test Method for Hydraulic Conductivity Ratio(HCR) Testing of Soil/Geotextile Systems3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 clogging, nin geotextiles, the tendency for a givengeotextile to lose permeability due to soil particles th
13、at haveeither become embedded in the fabric openings or have built up1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 onGeosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.03 on Perme-ability and Filtration.Current edition approved Feb. 15, 2017. Published February 20
14、17. Originallyapproved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D5101 12. DOI:10.1520/D5101-12R17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the stan
15、dards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance
16、with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1on the geotextile surface to form a la
17、yer with lower permeabil-ity than that of the bulk soil specimen.3.1.2 piping, nthe tendency of the geotextile to let aquantity of soil pass through its plane that may potentially leadto stability concerns in the soil or internal clogging of thegeotextile.3.1.3 gradient ratio, nin geotextiles, ratio
18、 of the hydraulicgradient across a soil-geotextile interface to the hydraulicgradient through the soil alone.3.1.4 hydraulic gradient, i, s (D)the loss of hydraulic headper unit distance of flow, dH/dL.3.1.5 For definitions of other textile terms, refer to Termi-nology D123. For definitions of other
19、 terms related togeotextiles, refer to Terminology D4439 and TerminologyD653.3.2 Symbols and Acronyms:3.2.1 CHDthe acronym for constant head device3.2.2 GRTthe acronym for gradient ratio test3.2.3 HCRthe acronym for hydraulic conductivity ratio4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This method is intended for
20、 use in the observation ofchange in the permeability of a soil-geotextile interface overtime under a range of applied hydraulic gradients.At the end ofthe test, the weight of soil passing through the geotextile ismeasured. The distribution of hydraulic gradients in the vicin-ity of the soil-geotexti
21、le interface is also observed.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is recommended for the evaluation ofthe performance of water-saturated soil-geotextile systemsunder unidirectional flow conditions. The results obtained maybe used as an indication of the compatibility of the soil-geotextile s
22、ystem with respect to both particle retention andflow capacity.5.2 This test method is intended to evaluate the performanceof specific on-site soils and geotextiles at the design stage of aproject, or to provide qualitative data that may help identifycauses of failure (for example, clogging, particl
23、e loss). It is notappropriate for acceptance testing of geotextiles. It is alsoimproper to utilize the results from this test for job specifica-tions or manufacturers certifications.5.3 This test method is intended for site-specific investiga-tion therefore is not an index property of the geotextile
24、, andthus is not intended to be requested of the manufacturer orsupplier of the geotextile.6. Apparatus and Supplies6.1 Soil-Geotextile PermeameterA typical permeameterwill consist of three units, shown in Fig. 1, set-up on a frameincorporating the other components such as the structureshown in Fig.
25、 2. The lower unit will contain a soil-geotextilesupport screen and an outflow reservoir that permits collectionof the particles passing through the geotextile during differentstages of the test. The middle unit will hold the soil specimenand should be equipped with a piping barrier (for example,cau
26、lk) along the interface between the geotextile and thepermeameter walls. The geotextile support screen opening sizeshall be greater than ten times the measured AOS of thegeotextile. The upper unit will permit application of a constanthead boundary condition to the top of the specimen. Thepermeameter
27、 should also be equipped with a support stand,clamping brackets, and plastic tubing to connect with anexternal pressure head monitoring system.NOTE 1the diameter of the permeameter shall be at least 10 x d100,where d100 is the largest particle of soil placed in the permeameter. In thecase soils with
28、 particles larger than 16 mm (mesh #58 in.) were to beevaluated, only the fraction smaller than 16 mm shall be used for testing.NOTE 2Some permeameters allow application of a normal load on thesoil-geotextile interface. If so, the loading system shall be designed insuch a way that it will not influe
29、nce the systems hydraulic behavior.6.2 Two Constant Water Head Devices, one mounted on ajack stand (adjustable) and one stationary (Fig. 3).6.3 Soil Leveling Device (Fig. 4).6.4 Manometer Board, of parallel glass tubes and measuringrulers.6.5 Two Soil Support Screens, of approximately 5 mm(No. 4) me
30、sh.6.6 Soil Support Cloth, of 150 m (No. 100) mesh, orequivalent geotextile.6.7 Thermometer (0 to 50 6 1 C).6.8 Graduated Cylinder, 100 6 1-cm3capacity.6.9 Stopwatch.6.10 Balance, or scale of at least 2-kg capacity and accurateto 61g.6.11 Carbon Dioxide, (CO2), gas supply and regulator.FIG. 1 Gradie
31、nt Ratio Test SetupD5101 12 (2017)26.12 Geotextile.6.13 Water Recirculation System.6.14 Water Deairing System, with a sufficient capacity toavoid recirculation of water in the test, which may replace fineparticles that have washed out of the specimen. Typicalcapacity: 1700 L/day (500 gal/day).6.15 A
32、lgae Inhibitor, or micro screen.6.16 Computer, with data acquisition card.6.17 Pressure Transducers, with a precision of at least 1 mmof water head, used for measurements of the head distributionin the specimen during water flow. Fig. 3 describes theplumbing connections for each individual pressure
33、transducer.6.18 Pressure Transducer Calibration System, allowing thepressure transducers to be connected either to the permeameterports or to one or two independent containers adjustable todifferent water levels. It should be installed as close as possibleto the permeameter. This system can consist
34、of a set of 18 ballvalves, two (2) reference water reservoirs (that is, large opentubes), and adequate tubing for connections, as shown in Fig.4.6.19 Funnel, with a internal diameter of about 6 mm or asneeded to facilitate soil placement in the apparatus.7. Sampling and Test Specimens7.1 Lot Sample
35、and Laboratory SampleObtain a lotsample and laboratory samples as directed in Practice D4354.7.2 Soil to be Tested for Gradient RatioSelect approxi-mately 6 to 8 liters of representative soil, with a maximumparticle size of 10 mm. If the natural soil to be tested containslarge gravel- or boulder-siz
36、e particles, these particles should beremoved from the specimen using a 10-mm (38-in.) or 16-mm(58-in.) sieve, depending on the diameter of the cell used (100or 150 mm).FIG. 2 Permeameter SectionFIG. 3 Individual Setup of Calibration System for Each Pressure TransducerD5101 12 (2017)38. Conditioning
37、8.1 Test Water Preparation:8.1.1 Test water should be maintained between 16 and27 C (60 to 80 F) and deaired to a dissolved oxygen contentof 2 ppm before being introduced into the apparatus. Inaddition, the deaired water shall be stored at a temperaturewithin 6 2 C of the tested soil-geotextile syst
38、em.NOTE 3Use of deaired water is essential to reduce or eliminateproblems associated with air bubbles forming within the test apparatus orin the soil. The dissolved air content will be lower, and chances to observeair clogging will be decreased8.1.2 An algae inhibitor or micro screen should be used
39、toeliminate any algae buildup in the system.9. Procedure9.1 Preparation of the Test:9.1.1 Determination of the Soils Properties:9.1.1.1 Measure the following properties of the soil underinvestigation:(1) Particle size distribution per Test Method D422.(2) Plasticity index per Test Method D4318, when
40、 appli-cable.9.1.1.2 For silty soils with plasticity indices in the vicinityof 5, estimate the permeability of the soil (that is, using theparticle size distribution determined in 9.1.1.1) and comparethis value to the detection limit of the apparatus. If thedetection limit of the apparatus is close
41、to the soilspermeability, additional investigations shall be considered todetermine whether GRT or HCR shall be used.9.1.1.3 The soil installation technique is determined asfollows:(1) For silty soils, with permeabilities less than 103cm/s,use of the slurry deposition technique is preferred as dis-c
42、ussed in 9.4.3.(2) For sandy soils, with permeabilities greater than103cm s, use of the water pluviation technique is preferredas discussed in 9.4.2.(3) For well-graded soils or unstable soils that easilysegregate, the dry method presented in 9.4.4 is preferred.9.1.2 Preparation of the Apparatus:9.1
43、.2.1 Thoroughly clean and dry all permeameter sections.9.1.2.2 Close all valves and cover the inside openings of allmanometer ports with fine wire mesh or lightweight nonwovenfabric (having an equivalent percent open area to that of a No.100 mesh sieve).9.1.2.3 Lubricate all O-ring gaskets.9.2 Perme
44、ameter Preassembly:9.2.1 Stand center section of the permeameter on its bottomend and place the geotextile specimen on the recessed per-meameter flanges.9.2.2 Insert the support screen on top of the geotextile withthe mesh side down.9.2.3 Align and insert the bottom section of the permeame-ter onto
45、the center section and press until there is a tight fit thatFIG. 4 General Setup of Calibration BoardD5101 12 (2017)4secures the geotextile and support screen in place. Ensure thatall gasket edges are secure against the geotextile, supportbracket, and the interface between the center and top per-mea
46、meter sections.9.2.4 Place permeameter into holding stand.9.3 Process SoilThe test is to be performed on a soilspecimen having particle sizes which are 10 mm (38 in.) insize. The material passing the 10 mm (38 in.) and retained onthe No. 10 sieve is subject to a second round of grinding.However, thi
47、s second grinding shall be done gently to ensurethat agglomerates of particles will be maintained, as theyreflect the field condition.Select a representative sample of the amount required,approximately 1500 g, to perform the test by the method ofquartering or by the use of a soil splitter.9.4 Soil P
48、lacementSoil placement shall be conductedkeeping in mind that the following goals have to be achieved:(1) Uniformity of the soil from the top to the bottom of thetest specimen at the beginning of the test. Particular attentionshall be given to the soil located at the interface.(2) Saturation of the
49、system at the beginning of the test.9.4.1 The placement procedure is a critical aspect of the testand may significantly influence the test results. Judgment shallbe used to determine the appropriate placement techniquegiven the field conditions to be reproduced. The followingprocedures are proposed for informational purposes only. Thefirst two procedures are wet methods and the third procedure isa dry method. Saturation of the device is related to the specificmethod as detailed in the procedures. Any other procedure canbe considered, althou
