1、Designation: D 5102 04Standard Test Methods forUnconfined Compressive Strength of Compacted Soil-LimeMixtures1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5102; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of l
2、ast revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers procedures for preparing, cur-ing, and testing laboratory-compacted specimens of soil-limeand
3、 other lime-treated materials (Note 1) for determiningunconfined compressive strength. This test method can be usedfor specimens prepared at the maximum unit weight andoptimum water content, or for specimens prepared at othertarget unit weight and water content levels. Other applicationsare given in
4、 Section 5 on Significance and Use.NOTE 1Lime-based products other than commercial quicklime andhydrated lime are also used in the lime treatment of fine-grained cohesivesoils. Lime kiln dust (LKD) is collected from the kiln exhaust gases bycyclone, electrostatic, or baghouse-type collection systems
5、. Some limeproducers hydrate various blends of LKD plus quicklime to produce alime-based product.1.2 Cored specimens of soil-lime should be tested in accor-dance with Test Methods D 2166.1.3 Two alternative procedures are provided:1.3.1 Procedure A describes procedures for preparing andtesting compa
6、cted soil-lime specimens having height-to-diameter ratios between 2.00 and 2.50. This test methodprovides the standard measure of compressive strength.1.3.2 Procedure B describes procedures for preparing andtesting compacted soil-lime specimens using Test MethodsD 698 compaction equipment and molds
7、commonly availablein most soil testing laboratories. Procedure B is considered toprovide relative measures of individual specimens in a suite oftest specimens rather than standard compressive strengthvalues. Because of the lesser height-to-diameter ratio (1.15) ofthe cylinders, compressive strength
8、determined by Procedure Bwill normally be greater than that by Procedure A.1.3.3 Results of unconfined compressive strength tests usingProcedure B should not be directly compared to those obtainedusing Procedure A.1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to theguidelines for significant
9、digits and rounding established inPractice D 6026.1.4.1 The method used to specify how data are collected,calculated, or recorded in this standard is not directly related tothe accuracy to which the data can be applied in design or otheruses, or both. How one applies the results obtained using thiss
10、tandard is beyond its scope.1.5 Lime is not an effective stabilizing agent for all soils.Some soil components such as sulfates, phosphates, organics,etc. can adversely affect soil-lime reactions and may affect thetest results using this method.1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound u
11、nitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.6.1 The gravitational system of inch-poun
12、d units is usedwhen dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound(lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for massis slugs. The rationalized slug unit is not given, unless dynamic(F = ma) calculations are involved.1.6.2 It is common practice in the engineering/constructio
13、nprofession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unitof mass (lbm) and of force (lbf). This implicitly combines twoseparate systems of units; that is, the absolute system and thegravitational system. It is scientifically undesirable to combinethe use of two separate sets of inch-pound unit
14、s within a singlestandard. As stated, this standard includes the gravitationalsystem of inch-pound units and does not use/present the slugunit for mass. However, the use of balances or scales recordingpounds of mass (lbm) or recording density in lbm/ft3shall notbe regarded as non-conformance with th
15、is standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory requirements prior to use. F
16、or specificprecautionary statements, see Section 8.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soiland Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.15 on Stabilizationwith Admixtures.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2004. Published September 2004. Originallya
17、pproved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 1996 as D 5102 96.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 51 Te
18、rminology Relating to Lime and Limestone (AsUsed by the Industry)C 977 Specification for Quicklime and Hydrated Lime forSoil StabilizationD 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 f
19、t-lbf/ft3(600kN-m/m3)D 2166 Test Methods for Unconfined Compressive Strengthof Cohesive SoilD 2216 Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Water(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD 2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils(Visual-Manual Procedure)D 3551 Practice for Labor
20、atory Preparation of Soil-LimeMixtures Using a Mechanical MixerD 3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rockas Used in Engineering Design and ConstructionD 4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and SpecifyingBalances and Standard Masse
21、s for Use in Soil, Rock, andConstruction Materials TestingD 6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechni-cal Data3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Refer to Terminology D 653 for terms relating to soiland Definitions C 51 for terms relating to lime and limestone.3.2 Definitions of Terms
22、Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 lime contentthe ratio, expressed as a percentage, of(a) the dry (as received/packaged) mass of lime to (b) the drymass of soil.3.2.2 unconfined compressive strength of soil-lime (q)thecompressive stress at which an unconfined cylindrical speci-men of soil-lime will fa
23、il in an axial compression test. In thistest method, unconfined compressive strength is either themaximum axial load/force attained per unit area or the load/force per unit area at 5 % axial strain, whichever occurs firstduring performance of a test.3.2.3 carbonationpartial or complete destruction o
24、f mag-nesium hydroxide or soil-lime reaction products or all of themdue to reaction with carbon dioxide. Carbonation may takeplace during manufacture and storage of lime, laboratorymixing, curing and testing of soil-lime mixtures, construction,and in service, and is almost always detrimental.3.2.4 S
25、ee Section 7 on Reagents and Materials.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Dependent on design criteria, a predetermined numberof compacted soil-lime specimens are prepared for eachspecified lime content, unit weight, and water content sounconfined compression testing can be performed on labora-tory cured
26、specimens of specified ages. In many instances,single or preferably duplicate specimens are tested following a28 and 90-day curing period at room temperature. In somecases, however, a curing period of 7 days at room temperatureor accelerated curing conditions may be necessary.4.2 The amount of soil,
27、 lime, and water required for thespecimen is determined. The soil-lime-water mixture is com-pacted in a mold to the desired initial specimen conditions(moist/dry unit weight and molding water content).4.3 After removal from the mold, specimens are cured for aspecified number of days.4.4 Following th
28、e curing period, the soil-lime specimens areloaded in compression to failure. Maximum load or load at 5 %axial strain is used to calculate unconfined compressivestrength.5. Significance and Use5.1 Compression testing of soil-lime specimens is per-formed to determine unconfined compressive strength o
29、f thecured soil-lime-water mixture to determine the suitability ofthe mixture for uses such as in pavement bases and subbases,stabilized subgrades, and structural fills.5.2 Compressive strength data are used in soil-lime mixdesign procedures: (a) to determine if a soil will achieve asignificant stre
30、ngth increase with the addition of lime; (b)togroup soil-lime mixtures into strength classes; (c) to study theeffects of variables such as lime percentage, unit weight, watercontent, curing time, curing temperature, etc.; and (d)toestimate other engineering properties of soil-lime mixtures.5.3 Lime
31、is generally classified as calcitic or dolomitic.Usually in soil stabilization, high-calcium hydrated limeCa(OH)2 or monohydrated dolomitic lime Ca(OH)2+ MgOare used. Lime may increase the strength of cohesive soil. Thetype of lime in combination with soil type influences theresulting compressive st
32、rength.NOTE 2The agency performing this test method can be evaluated inaccordance with Practice D 3740. Not withstanding statements on preci-sion and bias contained in this method: The precision of this test methodis dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and thesuitability of th
33、e equipment and facility used. Agencies that meet thecriteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competentand objective testing. Users of this test method are cautioned thatcompliance with Practice D 3740 does not, in itself, ensure reliabletesting. Reliable testing depends on ma
34、ny factors; Practice D 3740provides a means of evaluating some of these factors.6. Apparatus6.1 Balance or Scale:6.1.1 Specimen MassesA balance or scale which willmeasure masses to four significant digits and conforming to therequirements of either Class GP2 or GP5 in Guide D 4753.6.1.1.1 The minimu
35、m capacity requirement for Procedure Ais typically 1000 g; while for Procedure B it is typically 20 000g.6.1.2 Water Content MassesA balance or scale which willenable water content determinations to be determined to thenearest 0.1 % and conforming to the requirements of either2For referenced ASTM st
36、andards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.D5102042Class GP1, GP2 or GP5 in Guide D 4753. The type of classrequired depends upo
37、n the size of the water content specimenand its water content.6.1.2.1 To meet this requirement, masses less than about400 g have to be measured to 4 significant digits; while largermasses to three significant digits.6.2 Specimen Dimension Measurement Devices, dial com-parators, calipers, circumferen
38、tial tape or other suitable devicesfor measuring the height and diameter of the specimen to threesignificant digits.6.2.1 If densities/unit weights are required to four signifi-cant digits (density to nearest 0.001 Mg/m3or unit weight tonearest 01. lbf/ft3), then the specimen dimensions have to beme
39、asured to four significant digits.6.3 Specimen Molds:6.3.1 Procedure A, molds having sufficient capacity toprovide specimens with length-to-diameter ratios between 2.00and 2.50. Molds shall have a minimum inside diameter (ID) of50 mm or 2.0 in. Split molds may be used. The mold shall havean extensio
40、n collar assembly made of rigid metal and con-structed so it can be securely attached to and detached from themold.6.3.2 Procedure B, molds with extension collars conformingto the requirements of Test Methods D 698.6.4 Tamping Rod or Compaction Hammer, tamping rod orcompaction hammer suitable for mo
41、ld size and preparation ofspecimen at desired unit weight.6.5 Test Specimen Extruder, An extruder is required if splitmolds are not used. The device shall consist of a piston, jack,and frame or similar equipment suitable for extruding speci-mens from the mold.6.6 Containers, suitable plastic airtigh
42、t, moisture proofcontainers for sealing and storing specimens after compaction.The containers should be rigid to protect the specimens fromdisturbance during handling.6.7 Miscellaneous Equipment, tools such as spatulas,knives, straightedge, trowels, scoops, etc., for use in preparingspecimens.6.8 Te
43、mperature Controlled Room or Cabinet, a room orcabinet capable of maintaining a temperature of 23 6 2C (736 4F) for curing soil-lime specimens. A moist room can beused but is not required.6.9 Timer, a timing device to indicate the elapsed testingtime to the nearest second for establishing the rate o
44、f strainapplication prescribed in 13.2.6.10 Compression Device and Load/Force Indicator, Thecompression device may be any device with sufficient capacityand control to provide a constant rate of deformation to meetthe requirements of 13.2. The device shall be equipped so thecompressive load is appli
45、ed to the specimen without producingeccentric loading conditions. When the compression device isset to advance at a specified rate, the actual rate shall notdeviate from the required value by more than 620 %, with thechange in rate being gradual, not stick-slip (Note 3).NOTE 3Most loading frames wit
46、h multiple gear-drive settings, theirrate of deformation under loading conditions very more than expected;that is, more than about 610 %.6.10.1 The load/force indicator shall have a direct readabil-ity of at least three significant digits at failure, with a minimumfull range accuracy of 0.25 %.6.11
47、Deformation Indicator, The deformation indicator(mechanical or electronic) shall have a minimum readability(without interpretation) of 0.02 mm or 0.001 in. and have atravel range sufficient to measure 6 % axial strain (see 14.1).7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Hydrated LimeLime that is predominantly ca
48、lciumhydroxide Ca(OH)2 or a mixture of Ca(OH)2and magnesiumoxide (MgO) or magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2, or both.Only fresh lime meeting the requirements of SpecificationC 977 may be used. Bagged lime must be kept sealed becauseof the tendency for the lime to undergo carbonation.7.2 QuicklimeLime whic
49、h is predominantly calcium ox-ide (CaO) or CaO in association with MgO. Only fresh limemeeting the requirements of Specification C 977 may be used.Bagged lime must be kept sealed because of the tendency forthe lime to combine with CO2in air.7.3 TapwaterTapwater that is free of acids, alkalies, andoils and is suitable for drinking shall be used for wetting thesoil.8. Safety Hazards8.1 Lime chemically reacts with water and can become hot.Appropriate safety equipment, such as gloves, protectiveeyewear, respirator, and plastic apron should be worn whenhandling lime.
