1、Designation: D 5111 99 (Reapproved 2006)Standard Guide forChoosing Locations and Sampling Methods to MonitorAtmospheric Deposition at Non-Urban Locations1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5111; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoptio
2、n or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide assists individuals or agencies in identifyingsuitable location
3、s and choosing appropriate sampling strategiesfor monitoring atmospheric deposition at non-urban locations.It does not purport to discuss all aspects of designing atmo-spheric deposition monitoring networks.1.2 The guide is suitable for use in obtaining estimates ofthe dominant inorganic constituent
4、s and trace metals found inacidic deposition. It addresses both wet and dry deposition andincludes cloud water, fog and snow.1.3 The guide is best used to determine estimates ofatmospheric deposition in non-urban areas although many ofthe sampling methods presented can be applied to urbanenvironment
5、s.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis ofAtmospheresD 1357 Practice for Planning the Sampling of the AmbientAtmosphereD 3249 Practice for General Ambient Air Analyzer Proce-duresD 4841 Practice for Estimation of Holding Time for WaterSamples
6、 Containing Organic and Inorganic ConstituentsD 5012 Guide for Preparation of Materials Used for theCollection and Preservation of Atmospheric Wet Deposi-tion3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms used in this guide, refer toTerminology D 1356.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3
7、.2.1 collocated samplingthe use of more than one sam-pling device within a monitoring site.3.2.2 event samplinga special form of intermittent sam-pling (Terminology D 1356) where the duration of a samplingperiod is defined as a single, discrete occurrence of precipita-tion, dew, fog or frost.3.2.3 f
8、etcha vector within the local area which describesthe direction and area of, or within, an air mass that will besampled by a sampling device.3.2.4 filter-packa sampling device comprised of one ormore filters in series where each filter is designed to sample anatmospheric chemical species or remove i
9、nterferences to asubsequent filter. Filters may be of different design; material;or be coated or impregnated to obtain the specificity ofchemical species required.3.2.5 inferential samplingan indirect sampling methodthat utilizes a mathematical model to quantify an unmeasurableor difficult to measur
10、e property of atmospheric deposition.3.2.6 local areaan area of a few square kilometers whichdescribes an area of common vegetation, land-surface form andland use surrounding the monitoring site and defines the localcharacteristics surrounding the sampling device, see Fig. 1.3.2.7 monitoring sitea r
11、adius of a few decameters whichimmediately surrounds the sampling device, see Fig. 1.3.2.8 regional areaan area between the local area and athreshold that defines where any single local area characteristiccan not be distinguished from regional characteristics, see Fig.1.3.2.9 sequential samplingwith
12、drawal of a portion of theatmosphere over a period of time with continuous analysis orwith separation of the desired material continuously and in alinear form. Such a sample may be obtained with a consider-able concentration of the contaminant but it still indicatesfluctuations in that property whic
13、h occur during the period ofsampling (Terminology D 1356; see sample, running).3.2.10 surrogate surface samplinga sampling techniquethat utilizes an artificial surface to estimate dry deposition.Ideally, the artificial surface chosen will approximate the realsurfaces roughness and wetness properties
14、. In practice this is1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Qualityand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.03 on Ambient Atmospheresand Source Emissions.Current edition approved April 1, 2006. Published June 2006. Originallyapproved in 1990. Last previous edi
15、tion approved in 1999 as D 5111 - 99.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM Internat
16、ional, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.impossible. Therefore, comparisons of the surrogate surface tothe real surface must always be done as a part of the technique.3.2.11 wet depositionthe deposition of water from theatmosphere in the form of hail
17、, mist, rain, sleet and snow.Deposits of dew, fog and frost are excluded (TerminologyD 1356; see precipitation, meteorological).4. Significance and Use4.1 The guide consolidates into one document, siting crite-ria and sampling strategies used routinely in various NorthAmerican atmospheric deposition
18、 monitoring programs.4.2 The guide leads the user through the steps of siteselection, sampling frequency and sampling equipment selec-tion, and presents quality assurance techniques and otherconsiderations necessary to obtain a representative depositionsample for subsequent chemical analysis.4.3 The
19、 guide extends Practice D 1357 to include specificguidelines for sampling atmospheric deposition includingacidic deposition.5. Summary of Guide5.1 The guide assists the user in establishing siting guide-lines and in choosing sampling frequencies and samplingdevices for atmospheric deposition monitor
20、ing. Special con-siderations for the monitoring of specific types of atmosphericdeposition are discussed.5.2 A worksheet is provided to assist the user in document-ing the final siting criteria and sampling strategy chosenseeAppendix X1.5.3 The guide references site selection and sampling docu-ments
21、 of some of the currently operating deposition monitoringnetworks in North America (Appendix X2).6. Sampling Locations6.1 General Requirements:6.1.1 General requirements for choosing atmospheric depo-sition sampling locations follow Practice D 1357. This guideshould be used in conjunction with that
22、document.6.1.2 A standardized site description questionnaire shouldbe developed and completed during the site selection process.The questionnaire will describe the chosen location in detail.Examples of these questionnaires can be found in Refs (1-3).36.1.3 Fig. 1 illustrates the concentric organizat
23、ion of loca-tion guidelines used in this document. Monitoring site require-ments are common to all types of monitoring stations, whileregional area requirements invoke a combination of monitoringsite, local area and regional area guidelines. Which guidelineswithin each area category are chosen and w
24、hether all areacategories are used will depend upon the purpose of themonitoring effort.6.1.4 Some specific atmospheric deposition sample typesrequire that additional criteria be met. These are identifiedtowards the end of each sampling location section with anappropriate key word; DRY for dry depos
25、ition; FOG for fog;etc. Guidelines that contain no key word are common to alltypes of deposition monitoring within their monitoring site,local area, or regional area grouping.6.1.5 The user of this guide should use all of the guidelineslisted for the deposition type being monitored and all of thegui
26、delines that are not deposition type specific. Exceptions tothe use of all of the guidelines should be noted on theworksheet in Appendix X1 of the guide and be accompaniedwith a brief exclusion statement.6.2 Regional Area Guidelines:6.2.1 Regional area guidelines should be based upon aconsensus inte
27、rpretation of the concept of regional representa-tiveness by the monitoring project management. Regions maybe identified based upon physiography, meteorology, demog-raphy or some other more specific goal of the monitoringproject. Ground-based concepts of representativeness, such asthe ecological cla
28、ssifications of Bailey and others (4,5) or areassensitive to acid deposition, are often more easily defined thanmeteorological concepts which tend to be highly variable bothspatially and temporally. For this reason definitions of regionalrepresentativeness based heavily upon meteorological phe-nomen
29、a are best developed a posteriori using mathematicaland statistical models (6).6.2.2 When developing regional area guidelines, distancecriteria should reflect the thresholds where any characteristicsof a local area become indistinguishable from those of otherlocal areas and are instead typical of th
30、e area that will bedeclared a region.6.2.3 Population centers of greater than 10 000 should be atleast 10 km from the sampling device. This distance should beincreased dramatically if the sampling device is located down-wind of the center in the prevailing wind direction.6.2.4 All industrial and nat
31、ural sources of emissions greaterthan 10 000 tons per annum of each analyte of interest shouldbe at least 10 km from the sampling device. This distanceshould be increased dramatically if the sampling device islocated downwind of the source in the prevailing wind direc-tion.6.2.5 Complex terrain shou
32、ld be avoided unless its influenceis necessary to meet the specific goal of the monitoring effort.6.3 Local Area Guidelines:3Boldface numbers in parentheses refer to references at the end of this guide.FIG. 1 Diagram of Siting GuidelinesD 5111 99 (2006)26.3.1 The local area surrounding a monitoring
33、site shoulddescribe a small geographic area where land use, topographyand meteorology are common and representative of the re-gional area. No single emission source should dominate the airquality at the site except as it typifies the common emissioncharacteristics of the regional area. Ideal sites w
34、ill be located inareas where land use practices are not expected to change overthe course of the monitoring effort.6.3.2 Emission source amounts, their frequency and inten-sity, and meteorological diversity will dominate the actualinfluence of each guideline on samples collected in anymonitoring pro
35、gram. Because of this, local area guidelines aretypically the portion of a site selection plan that is not met. Arelaxation of the guidelines can be tolerated when the impact ofnon-compliance on program objectives can be quantified.6.3.3 Monitoring sites should be located away from popu-lation cente
36、rs. A recommended distance is 1 km per 1000persons.6.3.4 Intensive agricultural and waste treatment activitiesshould be more than 500 meters from the sampling device.Dairy operations, crop cultivation, especially in areas wherechemical applications are used and solid waste and wastewatertreatment fa
37、cilities are of particular concern.6.3.5 Transportation related sources of emissions should beno closer than 100 meters from the sampling device. Parkinglots, unpaved roadways and high volume vehicular, railroadand airplane traffic are of particular concern. One hundredmeters is a minimum acceptable
38、 distance cited by some of theexisting atmospheric monitoring networks (See X2.3-X2.5).The distance should be increased in proportion to increases intraffic volume and diversity. One kilometer is consideredadequate under most conditions.6.3.6 The open or surface storage of agricultural or indus-tria
39、l products should be kept at least 100 m from the samplingdevice. Examples of these products would include salt andsand piles, fuels and chemicals.6.3.7 DryFor methods employing the estimation or use ofatmospheric fluxes (see 9.2.3 and 9.2.9), the surface micro-meteorology and surface composition sh
40、ould be as uniform aspossible within 500 m of the sampling device.NOTE 1The success of tower based eddy correlation techniques andmany other dry deposition techniques utilizing deposition velocity esti-mates, are dependent upon the uniformity of the upwind surface roughnessand wetness. If the upwind
41、 micro-meteorology and surface characteristicsenhance the turbulent mixing of the parameter of interest as it approachesthe point sampling then the distance requirements for fetch can sometimesbe relaxed. If on the other hand deposition rate estimates are expected tobe small, the fetch distance requ
42、irements may need to be increased (7) see9.2.3).6.3.8 DryFor methods employing the estimation of atmo-spheric fluxes, see 9.2.3, the sampling device should be locatedat least 5 km from prominent discontinuities in terrain such aslarge bodies of water, isolated hills or valleys and cliffs.6.4 Monitor
43、ing Site Guidelines:6.4.1 Monitoring sites should be located on naturally veg-etated or grassed, open, level areas. Ground cover should behomogeneous and the area should slope no more than 15 %.6.4.2 The distance from the sampling device to any objectgreater than the height of the sampling device sh
44、ould be at leasttwice the height of the object (2:1). This will ensure that noobject or structure will project onto the sampling device withan angle greater than 30 from the horizontal.6.4.3 With the exception of wind shields, objects withsufficient mass to deflect the wind or otherwise change theae
45、rodynamic properties of the sampling device should belocated no closer than 2 m from the sampling device.NOTE 2Wind shields are considered to be an integral part of thesampling device in this guide.6.4.4 Residential structures should be outside of a 30 coneof the prevailing wind direction.6.4.5 Samp
46、ling devices should be oriented towards theannual averaged prevailing wind. In the absence of site specificwind direction information projects should standardize theorientation of the device to one direction.6.4.6 Seasonal vegetation should be maintained at a levelthat is at least 1 meter below the
47、orifice of the sampling deviceto a distance that defines one-half of the monitoring site.6.4.7 Grazing animals and the cultivation of agriculturalcrops should not be permitted within the monitoring site.6.4.8 All activities not directly related to sampling shouldbe discouraged within the monitoring
48、site.6.4.9 SnowThe sampling device should be located in asetting that is sheltered from the wind. Locating the monitoringsite within a forest clearing or installing a wind shield aroundthe sampling device improves snow capture (8).NOTE 3Wind speeds in excess of 1 m/sec significantly reduce theeffici
49、ency of snow sampling devices (8). Light, dry snows are the mostdifficult to sample. Reducing or eliminating the wind around the samplingdevice by either shielding the device or locating the device below thevegetation canopy improves snow capture and eliminates re-entrainmentof already collected samples.6.4.10 DryFor methods utilizing towers in the estimationof atmospheric fluxes (9.2.3), the tower heights should bestandardized and be at least 5 meters above the surface ofinterest (for example, forest canopy and agricultural crops). Formeasurements over bare grou
