1、Designation: D 5141 96 (Reapproved 2004)Standard Test Method forDetermining Filtering Efficiency and Flow Rate of aGeotextile for Silt Fence Application Using Site-SpecificSoil1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5141; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
2、year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method is used to determine the filtering
3、efficiency and the flow rate of a geotextile used exclusively insilt fence or silt barrier application.NOTE 1The terms silt fence and silt barrier are used synonomously.1.1.1 The results are shown as a percentage for filteringefficiency and cubic metres per square metre per minute(m3/m2/min) or gall
4、ons per square foot per minute (gal/ft2/min)for flow rate.1.1.2 The filtering efficiency indicates the percent of sedi-ment removed from sediment-laden water.1.1.3 The flow rate is the average rate of passage of thesediment-laden water through the geotextile.1.2 This test method requires several spe
5、cialized pieces ofequipment, such as an integrated water sampler and an ana-lytical balance, and site specific soil from the constructionproject.1.3 The values stated in SI units are the standard, while theinch-pound units are provided for information. The valuesexpressed in each system may not be e
6、xact equivalents;therefore, each system must be used independently of the other,without combining values in any way.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate
7、 safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 123 Terminology Relating to Textile MaterialsD 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 4439 Terminology for GeosyntheticsD 4354 Pract
8、ice for Sampling of Geosynthetics for TestingD 4759 Practice for Determining the Specification Con-formance of Geosynthetics2.2 American Public Health Association (APHA) Standard:208D Total Nonfiltrable Residue Dried at 103105C (TotalSuspended Matter)33. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 filtrationSe
9、e filter.3.1.2 filterSee Terminology D 653.3.1.3 geosynthetic, na planar product manufactured frompolymeric material used with foundation soil, rock, earth, orany other geotechnical engineering related material as anintegral part of a man-made project, structure, or system. (SeePractice D 4759.)3.1.
10、4 geotextile, nany permeable textile material usedwith foundation, soil, rock, earth, or any other geotechnicalengineering related material, as an integral part of a man-madeproject, structure, or system.3.1.5 performance property, na result obtained by con-ducting a performance test.3.1.6 performan
11、ce test, nin geosynthetics, a laboratoryprocedure which simulates selected field conditions which canbe used in design.3.1.7 For definitions of other terms relating to geosynthet-ics, refer to Terminology D 4439. For definitions of textileterms, refer to Terminology D 123. For definitions of soilter
12、ms, refer to Terminology D 653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 filtering effciency, FE, nin geosynthetics, the per-cent of sediment removed from sediment-laden water by ageotextile over a specified period of time.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee
13、D35 Geosyn-thetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.03 on Permeability andFiltration.Current edition approved May 10, 1996. Published June 1996. Originallyapproved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D 5141 91(1999).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM we
14、bsite, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Public Health Association (APHA), 1015 EighteenthSt. NW, Washington, DC 20036.1Copyri
15、ght ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.2 flow rate, FR L3L2T1, nin geosynthetics, thevolume of fluid per unit time, expressed as an average, whichpasses through a cross-sectional plane perpendicular to thefluid flow.3.2.3 flume
16、, nan apparatus that carries a liquid to anoutlet.3.2.4 silt fence, nin geosynthetics, a temporary sedimentcontrol measure used to remove soil from runoff.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A geotextile specimen is placed across a flume whilesediment-laden water is passed through the specimen.4.1.1 The ti
17、me that water flows through the geotextile andthe amount of soil passed by the geotextile are measured. Theamount of soil retained, filtering efficiency, and flow rate arecalculated from these measured values.4.2 Soil from the construction project should be used in thistest method.5. Significance an
18、d Use5.1 This test method is used to determine the filteringefficiency and flow rate of a geotextile used in a silt fence or siltbarrier installation for specific soil conditions.5.2 This test method may be used for the design of a siltfence or silt barrier to meet requirements of regulatory agencie
19、sin filtering efficiency or flow rate for specific soil conditions.5.2.1 The designer can use this test method to determine thespacing between silt fences or silt barriers.5.3 This test method is intended for performance evaluation,as the results will depend on the specific soil evaluated. It isreco
20、mmended that the user or representative perform the test topre-approved products, as geotextile manufacturers are nottypically equipped to handle or test soil requirements.5.4 This test method provides a means of evaluating geo-textiles with different soils under various conditions thatsimulate the
21、conditions that exist in a silt fence or silt barrierinstallation. This test method may be used to simulate severalstorm events on the same geotextile specimen. Therefore, thenumber of times this test is repeated per specimen is dependentupon the user and the site conditions.6. Apparatus6.1 Flume, c
22、onstructed from marine-grade plywood, plexi-glas, aluminum, or other material. The flume should bewatertight and constructed as shown in Fig. 1.NOTE 2Metal flumes should be mounted on a wood frame. The flumeopening is the standard length of a straw bale. With a standard lengthflume of 122 cm (48 in.
23、), the height of the back of the flume would beelevated 10 cm (378 in.).6.2 Sample Cutter, appropriate to prepare test specimens.6.3 Integrated Water Sampler,4a 500-mL (0.13-gal) deviceused to collect integrated samples of water.6.4 Two Containers, 75-L (20-gal), plastic or nonmetallic.6.5 Stopwatch
24、.6.6 Stirrer, such as a stirring rod on a portable electric drill.6.7 Sediment-Free Water, containing no flocculent agents.NOTE 3Flocculent agents used in water treatment may cause errone-ous results by affecting the settling rate of soil particles in the water.6.8 Soil, site-specific.6.9 Gooch Cruc
25、ible.6.10 Membrane Filter Apparatus.6.11 Vacuum Pump.6.12 Planchet, aluminum or stainless steel.6.13 Desiccator.6.14 Analytical Balance, sensitivity of 0.00001 g.7. Sampling7.1 Geotextile:7.1.1 Lot SampleDivide the product into lots and take thelot sample as directed in Practice D 4354.7.1.2 Laborat
26、ory SampleAfter first discarding a mini-mum of 1 m (3.3 ft) of geotextile from the end of the roll, cutoff sufficient length of the roll to get the appropriate number oftest specimens. If holes or damaged areas are evident, thendamaged material should be discarded and additional materialsampled.7.1.
27、3 Test SpecimensCut the appropriate number of speci-mens to be tested from the machine direction of the laboratorysample by a random method. Each test specimen should be cut(1 m long by 0.3 m wide (3.3 ft long by 12 in. wide) to fit theflume.NOTE 4No specimen should be within 0.2 m (6 in.) of a selv
28、age.7.2 SoilObtain representative samples of the site-specificsoil that is significant to the design of the silt barriers or siltfences on the construction project. The size and type of samplerequired is dependent upon the number of tests to be performedand the percent of coarse particles in the sam
29、ple.8. Procedure8.1 Place the geotextile tautly across the flume opening andfasten securely in place to ensure that the test specimen has nowrinkles or loose sections.8.2 Elevate the back of the flume to an 8 % slope. (See Fig.1.)8.3 Pre-wet the geotextile by running one test with 50 L(13.3 gal) of
30、sediment-free water. Record the temperature ofthe water.8.4 Mix 0.15 kg (0.33 lb) of air-dried site-specific soil in 50L (13.3 gal) of untreated water placed in a 75-L (20-gal)container. These soil particles are smaller than 2 mm, theopening size of a No. 10 sieve. Thoroughly agitate the solutionwit
31、h a stirrer for 1 min to obtain a uniform mix.8.5 While continuing to mix the solution, release thesediment-laden water at the upper end of the flume. Release ofthe solution should take less than 10 s. Start the timer atrelease.8.6 Rinse the mixing container with no more than 2 L (0.5gal) of additio
32、nal water and release into the flume.8.7 Time the flow of water through the geotextile until nowater remains behind the geotextile or 25 min has elapsed. If25 min have elapsed and water remains behind the geotextile,4The US DH-48 integrated water sampler has been found to be satisfactory. It isavail
33、able from the Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Project, St. Anthony FallsHydraulic Laboratory, 3rd Avenue S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55414.D 5141 96 (2004)2then measure the distance from the geotextile to the edge of thewater behind the geotextile.8.8 Collect all filtrate caught by the gutter in a seco
34、ndcontainer, until no water remains behind the geotextile or 25min has elapsed.8.9 At the completion of the test, agitate the collected filtratewith a stirrer until the mixture is uniformly mixed. After 1 minof mixing, obtain a depth-integrated suspended-solids samplefrom the mixture while continuin
35、g the agitation.NOTE 5With the sampler specified in 6.3, a rate of sampling thatrequires 30 s to reach the bottom of the container and 30 s to return to thesurface is ideal. This sampling procedure allows collection of a sampleover the full depth of the mixture.8.10 Place a glass fiber filter disk e
36、ither on a membranefilter apparatus or in the bottom of a suitable Gooch crucible.Apply a vacuum and wash the disk with three successive20-mL portions of distilled water. Continue suction to removeall traces of water from the disk.8.11 Carefully remove the filter disk from the membranefilter apparat
37、us and transfer to an aluminum or stainless steelplanchet. If a Gooch crucible is used, remove the crucible andfilter disk combination.8.12 Dry the filter disk for at least1hinanoven at 103 to105C.8.13 Store in a desiccator until cooled to room temperature.8.14 Weigh the filter disk to an accuracy o
38、f 0.00001 g.8.15 Place the filter disk in the membrane filter apparatusand return it or the Gooch crucible to the vacuuming andfiltering apparatus.8.16 Under the vacuum, filter the sample of water collectedin 8.9.8.17 Repeat 8.11-8.14.NOTE 1Sides and bottom of flume can be constructed of 2-cm thick
39、marine grade plywood.FIG. 1 FlumeD 5141 96 (2004)39. Calculation9.1 Calculate suspended solids, as follows:SS5A 2 B! 3 1000C(1)where:SS= suspended solids, ppm,A = weight of filter plus residue, andB = weight of filter, andC = sample, mL.9.2 Calculate the percent filtering efficiency (FE) for thegeot
40、extile specimen, as follows:FE52890 2 Ss28903 100 (2)where:SS= suspended solids after filtration, ppm, (Eq 1), and2890 = sediment placed behind the geotextile, ppm.9.3 Calculate the flow rate (FT) of the geotextile specimenusing Eq 3 (complete drainage) or Eq 4 (25 min elapsed time):FTm3/m2/min! 5 0
41、.6589/t (3)orFTm3/m2/min! 514.0575 2 0.006x20.8533 2 0.01778xt (4)where:T = temperature of the water,t = time measured in 8.7, min, andx = distance from the geotextile to the edge of the waterbehind the geotextile in mm (see 8.7).9.3.1 Correct the flow rate to 20C using Eq 5:F20C5FTUTU20C(5)where:UT
42、U20C= ratio of viscosity of water at temperature T toviscosity of water at 20C (see Fig. 2).10. Report10.1 The report of filtering efficiency and flow rate shouldinclude the following information:10.1.1 State that the specimens were tested as directed inthis test method, and describe the type of geo
43、textile tested andthe sampling method used,10.1.2 The number of specimens tested and the direction(s)tested (if applicable),10.1.3 The type of soil used and any data showing pertinentphysical properties of the soil, such as gradation curve,Atterberg limits, etc.,10.1.4 Complete test data including t
44、emperature of thewater, recorded flow rates, length of test (25 min or elapsedtime), suspended solids contents, and filtering efficiencies foreach trial, and10.1.5 A statement of any deviation from the described testmethod.11. Precision and Bias11.1 PrecisionThe precision of the procedure in this te
45、stmethod for measuring filtering efficiency and flow rate of ageotextile is being established.11.2 BiasThe procedure in this test method for measuringfiltering efficiency and flow rate of a geotextile has no biasbecause the values of those properties can be defined only interms of a test method.12.
46、Keywords12.1 filtering efficiency; flow rate; silt barrier; silt fenceFIG. 2 The Ratio of Viscosity of Water at Temp, T,totheViscosity of Water at 20CD 5141 96 (2004)4ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin th
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